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Genesis

About this book

God's Covenant with Noah

Chapter 9

1 Then God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth.⁠ 2 Every living creature of the earth and every bird of the sky will be terrified of you. Everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea are under your authority. 3 You may eat any moving thing that lives. As I gave you the green plants, I now give you everything. 4 “But you must not eat meat with its life (that is, its blood) in it.⁠ 5 For your lifeblood I will surely exact punishment, from every living creature I will exact punishment.⁠ From each person I will exact punishment for the life of the individual since the man was his relative.⁠ 6 “Whoever sheds human blood, by other humans must his blood be shed;⁠ for in God’s image God has made humankind.⁠ 7 “But as for you, be fruitful and multiply; increase abundantly on the earth and multiply on it.” 8 God said to Noah and his sons, 9 “Look. I now confirm my covenant with you and your descendants after you 10 and with every living creature that is with you, including the birds, the domestic animals, and every living creature of the earth with you, all those that came out of the ark with you—every living creature of the earth. 11 I confirm my covenant with you: Never again will all living things be wiped out by the waters of a flood; never again will a flood destroy the earth.”⁠ 12 And God said, “This is the guarantee of the covenant I am making with you and every living creature with you, a covenant for all subsequent generations: 13 I will place my bow35 in the clouds, and it will become a guarantee of the covenant between me and the earth.⁠ 14 Whenever I bring clouds over the earth and the bow35 appears in the clouds, 15 then I will remember my covenant with you and with all living creatures of all kinds. Never again will the waters become a flood and destroy all living things.⁠ 16 When the rainbow is in the clouds, I will notice it and remember the perpetual covenant between God and all living creatures⁠ of all kinds that are on the earth.”⁠ 17 So God said to Noah, “This is the guarantee of the covenant that I am confirming between me and all living things that are on the earth.”

Noah and His Sons

18 The sons of Noah who came out of the ark were Shem, Ham, and Japheth. (Now Ham was the father of Canaan.) 19 These were the three sons of Noah, and from them the whole earth was populated. 20 Noah, a man of the soil, began to plant a vineyard.⁠ 21 When he drank some of the wine, he got drunk and uncovered himself inside his tent.⁠ 22 Ham, the father of Canaan, saw his father’s nakedness and told his two brothers who were outside.⁠ 23 Shem and Japheth took the garment and placed it on their shoulders. Then they walked in backwards and covered up their father’s nakedness. Their faces were turned the other way so they did not see their father’s nakedness. 24 When Noah awoke from his drunken stupor he learned what his youngest son had done to him.⁠ 25 So he said, “Cursed be Canaan! The lowest of slaves he will be to his brothers.”⁠ 26 He also said, “Worthy of praise is the Lord, the God of Shem! May Canaan be the slave of Shem! 27 May God enlarge Japheth’s territory and numbers! May he live in the tents of Shem and may Canaan be the slave of Japheth!” 28 After the flood Noah lived 350 years. 29 The entire lifetime of Noah was 950 years, and then he died.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 9:25 and Wisdom of Solomon 12:11

Hebrew Bible · Deuterocanon

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Summary

Genesis portrays the Canaanites as cursed because of Noah’s judgment on Canaan, linking their curse to specific sins. The Wisdom of Solomon instead depicts the Canaanites as always corrupt, using this view to defend their destruction.

Passages

Genesis 9:25

Hebrew Bible
23 Shem and Japheth took the garment and placed it on their shoulders. Then they walked in backwards and covered up their father’s nakedness. Their faces were turned the other way so they did not see their father’s nakedness. 24 When Noah awoke from his drunken stupor he learned what his youngest son had done to him. 25 So he said, “Cursed be Canaan! The lowest of slaves he will be to his brothers.” 26 He also said, “Worthy of praise is the Lord, the God of Shem! May Canaan be the slave of Shem! 27 May God enlarge Japheth’s territory and numbers! May he live in the tents of Shem and may Canaan be the slave of Japheth!”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Wisdom of Solomon 12:11

Deuterocanon
9 Not that you were unable to subdue the ungodly under the hand of the righteous in battle, or by terrible beasts or by a stern word to make away with them at once, 10 but judging them little by little you gave them a chance to repent, not being ignorant that their nature by birth was evil, their wickedness inborn, and that their manner of thought would never be changed. 11 For they were a cursed seed from the beginning. It wasn’t through fear of any that you left them unpunished for their sins. 12 For who will say, “What have you done?” Or “Who will withstand your judgment?” Who will accuse you for the perishing of nations which you made? Or who will come and stand before you as an avenger for unrighteous men? 13 For there isn’t any God beside you that cares for all, that you might show that you didn’t judge unrighteously.
50 BCE – 50 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Wisdom of Solomon

References

"... In response to the suggestion that the utter destruction God commanded for the Canaanites is unjust, the sage implies that the total annihilation of the population is justified because every last Canaanite, even the young children, was individually guilty. The sage appeals to their inborn nature to explain how he knows that every Canaanite was deserving of punishment (verse 10). Ben Sira similarly depicts the Canaanites as having been evil from creation (Sirach 33:10-12). Both sages diverge from the biblical depiction of the Canaanites inheriting their inferiority from the punishment of their eponymous ancestor, Canaan, for a sin committed by his father, Ham (Genesis 9:22-27 ... It is possible that the language of cursing in Wisdom of Solomon 12:11 refers to the Genesis account of Noah’s cursing of Canaan). The biblical depiction explains the status of the Canaanites as an intergenerational punishment for human sin. The author of the Wisdom of Solomon explains it as a feature of creation. This explanation seems to be a response to claims that God’s punishment of total annihilation was unjust (see Wisdom of Solomon 12:12). By building their evil nature into creation, God’s justice is vindicated, unless, of course one questions why he would have created an innately wicked people. God, who the sage claims is merciful to all (Wisdom of Solomon 11:23), also loves all of his creations and would not have made anything that he hated (verse 24) ..."
Hilary Claire Kapfer, “Collective Accountability among the Sages of Ancient Israel” (diss., Harvard University, 2013), 185.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 9:25 and Wisdom of Solomon 12:11

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