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Titus

About this book
Chapter 1

1 From Paul, a slave of God and apostle of Jesus Christ, to further the faith of God’s chosen ones and the knowledge of the truth that is in keeping with godliness, 2 in hope of eternal life, which God, who does not lie, promised before time began. 3 But now in his own time he has made his message evident through the preaching I was entrusted with according to the command of God our Savior. 4 To Titus, my genuine son in a common faith. Grace and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our Savior! 5 The reason I left you in Crete was to set in order the remaining matters and to appoint elders in every town, as I directed you. 6 An elder must be blameless, the husband of one wife, with faithful children who cannot be charged with dissipation or rebellion. 7 For the overseer must be blameless as one entrusted with God’s work, not arrogant, not prone to anger, not a drunkard, not violent, not greedy for gain. 8 Instead he must be hospitable, devoted to what is good, sensible, upright, devout, and self-controlled. 9 He must hold firmly to the faithful message as it has been taught, so that he will be able to give exhortation in such healthy teaching and correct those who speak against it. 10 For there are many rebellious people, idle talkers, and deceivers, especially those with Jewish connections, 11 who must be silenced because they mislead whole families by teaching for dishonest gain what ought not to be taught. 12 A certain one of them, in fact, one of their own prophets,⁠ said, “Cretans are always liars, evil beasts, lazy gluttons.”⁠ 13 Such testimony is true. For this reason rebuke them sharply that they may be healthy in the faith 14 and not pay attention to Jewish myths and commands of people who reject the truth. 15 All is pure to those who are pure. But to those who are corrupt and unbelieving, nothing is pure, but both their minds and consciences are corrupted. 16 They profess to know God but with their deeds they deny him, since they are detestable, disobedient, and unfit for any good deed.

Texts in conversation

Compare Callimachus, Hymn 1.8 and Titus 1:12

Classical · New Testament

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Summary

Titus quotes the Hymn to Zeus, from either Epimenides or Callimachus, which mocks the Cretans for claiming to have built a tomb for an immortal god. In its original setting, the verse ridiculed local myths about Zeus’s birth and death.

Passages

Callimachus, Hymn 1.8

Classical
When we pour out wine as an offering to Zeus, what better subject is there to sing about than the god himself? He is powerful forever and king for all time. He drove back the Pelagonians, and he hands down justice to the children of Heaven. How should we sing about him: as lord of Dicte or of Lycaeum? I can’t decide, because people disagree about where he was born. Zeus, some say you were born in the hills of Ida, and others, Zeus, say Arcadia. Which of them lied, Father? “Cretans are always liars.” The Cretans even built a tomb for you, Lord, but you did not die, because you live forever. Rheia gave birth to you in Parrhasia, on a hill covered in dense brush. Ever since, the place has been sacred. No woman, and no four-legged animal that needs Eileithyia’s help in giving birth, goes near it, and the Apidanians call it Rheia’s ancient birthplace. After your mother set you down from her lap, she immediately went looking for a stream, so she could wash herself clean after the birth and bathe your body.
290–250 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Callimachus, Hymns

Titus 1:12

New Testament
10 For there are many rebellious people, idle talkers, and deceivers, especially those with Jewish connections, 11 who must be silenced because they mislead whole families by teaching for dishonest gain what ought not to be taught. 12 A certain one of them, in fact, one of their own prophets, said, “Cretans are always liars, evil beasts, lazy gluttons.” 13 Such testimony is true. For this reason rebuke them sharply that they may be healthy in the faith 14 and not pay attention to Jewish myths and commands of people who reject the truth.
90–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Titus

References

"... so prestigious were the Cretans that whereas normally a tribe preferred to be known as autochthonous, the Caunians (Herodotus 1.172) actually preferred to be known as originally from Crete rather than of native stock, as Herodotus believed them to be. Moreover, inasmuch as they wanted to impress Euhemerus, the priests in Panchaia, the imaginary island in the Indian Ocean that is presented as a kind of utopia, informed Euhemerus (Euhemerus 63, frag. 1, FGH, part 1) of their Cretan origin. The famous statement of the Cretan religious teacher and miracle worker Epimenides (fragment 1, quoted by Callimachus’s Hymn to Zeus 8 and the New Testament’s Epistle to Titus 1:12) of the sixth century B.C.E., that the Cretans are always liars would seem to indicate that the Cretan reputation was not unmixed. But aside from the logical puzzle this remark raises, because the author himself is a Cretan, we may note that at least among the Greeks lying was hardly a negative attribute but rather an indication of cleverness ..."
Louis H. Feldman, Jew and Gentile in the Ancient World: Attitudes and Interactions from Alexander to Justinian (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), 515.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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  • In the summary of Callimachus Hymns his Hymn to Demeter is "considered mimetic" and also "viewed as non-mimetic"

    Willem, March 2, 2024

Callimachus, Hymn 1.8 and Titus 1:12

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