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Testament of Naphtali

Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs

About this book
Chapter 2

1 I was swift on my feet like a deer, and my father Jacob assigned me to carry all his messages, and he blessed me as a deer. 2 Just as the potter knows the vessel, how much it is to hold, and brings clay accordingly, so the Lord makes the body to match the spirit, and implants the spirit according to the body's capacity. 3 The one does not fall short of the other by even a third of a hair, for all creation was made by weight, measure, and standard. 4 As the potter knows the use of each vessel, what it is fit for, so the Lord knows the body, how long it will continue in goodness and when it will turn to evil. 5 There is no inclination or thought that the Lord does not know, for he created every person in his own image. 6 As a person's strength, so is his work; as his mind, so is his skill; as his purpose, so is his achievement; as his heart, so is his mouth; as his eye, so is his sleep; as his soul, so is his word, whether in the law of the Lord or in the works of Beliar. 7 Just as there is a division between light and darkness, between seeing and hearing, so there is a division between one person and another, and between one woman and another; and it cannot be said that one is like the other in face or in mind. 8 For God made everything good and in order: the five senses in the head, and he attached the neck to the head, adding hair as well for beauty and glory; then the heart for understanding, the belly for waste, the stomach for grinding food, the windpipe for taking in breath, the liver for anger, the gall for bitterness, the spleen for laughter, the kidneys for prudence, the muscles of the loins for power, the lungs for breathing in, the loins for strength, and so on. 9 So, my children, let everything you do be done in order, with good intent, in the fear of God, and do nothing in a disorderly way, out of contempt or at the wrong time. 10 If you tell the eye to hear, it cannot; and in the same way, while you are in darkness you cannot do the works of light.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Testament of Naphtali 2:10 and John 3:19

Pseudepigrapha, Testaments · New Testament

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Summary

In John 3, Jesus says that people prefer darkness to light, a theme that echoes existing Jewish traditions such as the Testament of Naphtali, which teaches that one cannot perform the works of light while in darkness.

Passages

Testament of Naphtali 2:10

Pseudepigrapha, Testaments · Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs
8 For God made everything good and in order: the five senses in the head, and he attached the neck to the head, adding hair as well for beauty and glory; then the heart for understanding, the belly for waste, the stomach for grinding food, the windpipe for taking in breath, the liver for anger, the gall for bitterness, the spleen for laughter, the kidneys for prudence, the muscles of the loins for power, the lungs for breathing in, the loins for strength, and so on. 9 So, my children, let everything you do be done in order, with good intent, in the fear of God, and do nothing in a disorderly way, out of contempt or at the wrong time. 10 If you tell the eye to hear, it cannot; and in the same way, while you are in darkness you cannot do the works of light.
100 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Testament of Naphtali

John 3:19

New Testament
18 The one who believes in him is not condemned. The one who does not believe has been condemned already, because he has not believed in the name of the one and only Son of God. 19 Now this is the basis for judging: that the light has come into the world and people loved the darkness rather than the light because their deeds were evil. 20 For everyone who does evil deeds hates the light and does not come to the light, so that their deeds will not be exposed. 21 But the one who practices the truth comes to the light, so that it may be plainly evident that his deeds have been done in God.
90–110 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in John

References

"... It is no accident, then, that his insistence on walking in light rather than in darkness reflects the mentality and language of intertestamental Judaism and/or Jewish Christianity. Enoch 92:4-5 promises, 'God will be gracious to the just man . . . and he shall walk in light, while sin shall perish in darkness forever' (see also Enoch 58). Noteworthy is T. Levi 14:3-4: 'As the heaven is purer in the Lord's sight than the earth, so also should you, the lights of Israel, be purer than the Gentiles. But if you be darkened through sin, what will the Gentiles do, living in blindness?' And T. Naphtali 2: 10: 'Neither while you are in darkness can you do the works of light.' ..."
Raymond E. Brown, The Epistles of John (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), 23.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Testament of Naphtali 2:10 and John 3:19

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