Go to Related Reading
About this book

John

About this book
Chapter 3

1 Now a certain man, a Pharisee named Nicodemus, who was a member of the Jewish ruling council, 2 came to Jesus at night and said to him, “Rabbi, we know that you are a teacher who has come from God. For no one could perform the miraculous signs that you do unless God is with him.” 3 Jesus replied, “I tell you the solemn truth, unless a person is born from above, he cannot see the kingdom of God.”⁠ 4 Nicodemus said to him, “How can a man be born when he is old? He cannot enter his mother’s womb and be born a second time, can he?” 5 Jesus answered, “I tell you the solemn truth, unless a person is born of water and spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of God.⁠ 6 What is born of the flesh is flesh, and what is born of the Spirit is spirit. 7 Do not be amazed that I said to you, ‘You must all be born from above.’⁠ 8 The wind blows wherever it will, and you hear the sound it makes, but do not know where it comes from and where it is going. So it is with everyone who is born of the Spirit.” 9 Nicodemus replied, “How can these things be?” 10 Jesus answered, “Are you the teacher of Israel and yet you don’t understand these things? 11 I tell you the solemn truth, we speak about what we know and testify about what we have seen, but you people do not accept our testimony. 12 If I have told you people about earthly things and you don’t believe, how will you believe if I tell you about heavenly things?⁠ 13 No one has ascended into heaven except the one who descended from heaven—the Son of Man. 14 Just as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, so must the Son of Man be lifted up,⁠ 15 so that everyone who believes in him may have eternal life.” 16 For this is the way God loved the world: He gave his one and only Son,⁠ so that everyone who believes in him will not perish but have eternal life. 17 For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world,⁠ but that the world should be saved through him. 18 The one who believes in him is not condemned. The one who does not believe has been condemned already, because he has not believed in the name of the one and only Son of God. 19 Now this is the basis for judging: that the light has come into the world and people loved the darkness rather than the light because their deeds were evil.⁠ 20 For everyone who does evil deeds hates the light and does not come to the light, so that their deeds will not be exposed.⁠ 21 But the one who practices the truth comes to the light, so that it may be plainly evident that his deeds have been done in God. 22 After this, Jesus and his disciples came into Judean territory, and there he spent time with them and was baptizing. 23 John was also baptizing at Aenon near Salim because water was plentiful there, and people were coming to him and being baptized. 24 (For John had not yet been thrown into prison.) 25 Now a dispute came about between some of John’s disciples and a certain Jew concerning ceremonial washing. 26 So they came to John and said to him, “Rabbi, the one who was with you on the other side of the Jordan River, about whom you testified—see, he is baptizing, and everyone is flocking to him!” 27 John replied, “No one can receive anything unless it has been given to him from heaven. 28 You yourselves can testify that I said, ‘I am not the Christ,’ but rather, ‘I have been sent before him.’ 29 The one who has the bride is the bridegroom. The friend of the bridegroom, who stands by and listens for him, rejoices greatly when he hears the bridegroom’s voice. This then is my joy, and it is complete.⁠ 30 He must become more important while I become less important.” 31 The one who comes from above is superior to all.⁠ The one who is from the earth belongs to the earth and speaks about earthly things. The one who comes from heaven is superior to all. 32 He testifies about what he has seen and heard, but no one accepts his testimony. 33 The one who has accepted his testimony has confirmed clearly that God is truthful. 34 For the one whom God has sent speaks the words of God, for he does not give the Spirit sparingly. 35 The Father loves the Son and has placed all things under his authority. 36 The one who believes in the Son has eternal life. The one who rejects the Son will not see life, but God’s wrath remains on him.

Texts in conversation

Compare Testament of Naphtali 2:10 and John 3:19

Pseudepigrapha, Testaments · New Testament

Share:

Summary

In John 3, Jesus says that people prefer darkness to light, a theme that echoes existing Jewish traditions such as the Testament of Naphtali, which teaches that one cannot perform the works of light while in darkness.

Passages

Testament of Naphtali 2:10

Pseudepigrapha, Testaments · Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs
8 For God made everything good and in order: the five senses in the head, and he attached the neck to the head, adding hair as well for beauty and glory; then the heart for understanding, the belly for waste, the stomach for grinding food, the windpipe for taking in breath, the liver for anger, the gall for bitterness, the spleen for laughter, the kidneys for prudence, the muscles of the loins for power, the lungs for breathing in, the loins for strength, and so on. 9 So, my children, let everything you do be done in order, with good intent, in the fear of God, and do nothing in a disorderly way, out of contempt or at the wrong time. 10 If you tell the eye to hear, it cannot; and in the same way, while you are in darkness you cannot do the works of light.
100 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Testament of Naphtali

John 3:19

New Testament
18 The one who believes in him is not condemned. The one who does not believe has been condemned already, because he has not believed in the name of the one and only Son of God. 19 Now this is the basis for judging: that the light has come into the world and people loved the darkness rather than the light because their deeds were evil. 20 For everyone who does evil deeds hates the light and does not come to the light, so that their deeds will not be exposed. 21 But the one who practices the truth comes to the light, so that it may be plainly evident that his deeds have been done in God.
90–110 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in John

References

"... It is no accident, then, that his insistence on walking in light rather than in darkness reflects the mentality and language of intertestamental Judaism and/or Jewish Christianity. Enoch 92:4-5 promises, 'God will be gracious to the just man . . . and he shall walk in light, while sin shall perish in darkness forever' (see also Enoch 58). Noteworthy is T. Levi 14:3-4: 'As the heaven is purer in the Lord's sight than the earth, so also should you, the lights of Israel, be purer than the Gentiles. But if you be darkened through sin, what will the Gentiles do, living in blindness?' And T. Naphtali 2: 10: 'Neither while you are in darkness can you do the works of light.' ..."
Raymond E. Brown, The Epistles of John (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), 23.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

Your feedback

Testament of Naphtali 2:10 and John 3:19

Leave a comment

Your questions and comments are welcome!

Comments

Glossary

Search the Library