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Testament of Levi

Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs

About this book
Chapter 6

1 And when I was going to my father, I found a bronze shield; so the name of the mountain is Aspis, which is near Gebal, to the south of Abila, and I kept these words in my heart. 2 And after this I advised my father, and Reuben my brother, to tell the sons of Hamor not to be circumcised, because I was zealous about the abomination they had committed against my sister. 3 And I killed Shechem first, and Simeon killed Hamor. 4 And after this, my brothers came and attacked that city with the sword. 5 And my father heard these things and was angry, and he was grieved that they had received the circumcision and then been put to death, and in his blessings he looked unfavorably on us. 6 For we sinned because we had done this thing against his will, and he was sick on that day. 7 But I saw that the sentence of God was for evil upon Shechem; for they sought to do to Sarah and Rebecca as they had done to Dinah our sister, but the Lord prevented them. 8 And they persecuted Abraham our father when he was a foreigner, and they harassed his flocks when they were pregnant; and Eblaen, who was born in his house, they treated very shamefully. 9 And thus they did to all strangers, taking away their wives by force, and they banished them. 10 But the wrath of the Lord came upon them to the uttermost.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Testament of Levi 6:11 and 1 Thessalonians 2:16

Pseudepigrapha, Testaments · New Testament

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Summary

The Testament of Levi and 1 Thessalonians say wrath comes “completely” on those who harm God’s people. In the Testament, it falls on Shechem for abusing outsiders and patriarchs. In 1 Thessalonians, it applies to those who resist God’s messengers.

Passages

Testament of Levi 6:11

Pseudepigrapha, Testaments · Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs
5 And my father heard these things and was angry, and he was grieved that they had received the circumcision and then been put to death, and in his blessings he looked unfavorably on us. 6 For we sinned because we had done this thing against his will, and he was sick on that day. 7 But I saw that the sentence of God was for evil upon Shechem; for they sought to do to Sarah and Rebecca as they had done to Dinah our sister, but the Lord prevented them. 8 And they persecuted Abraham our father when he was a foreigner, and they harassed his flocks when they were pregnant; and Eblaen, who was born in his house, they treated very shamefully. 9 And thus they did to all strangers, taking away their wives by force, and they banished them. 10 But the wrath of the Lord came upon them to the uttermost.
100 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Testament of Levi

1 Thessalonians 2:16

New Testament
14 For you became imitators, brothers and sisters, of God’s churches in Christ Jesus that are in Judea, because you too suffered the same things from your own countrymen as they in fact did from the Jews, 15 who killed both the Lord Jesus and the prophets and persecuted us severely. They are displeasing to God and are opposed to all people 16 because they hinder us from speaking to the Gentiles so that they may be saved. Thus they constantly fill up their measure of sins, but wrath has come upon them completely.
41–51 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Thessalonians

References

"... The bigger debate, however, is concerning the kind of aorist Paul is utilizing and (subsequently) what event is being referred to. That Paul can speak of wrath in the past sense is possible, so this aorist may simply represent past time. The issue is complicated by the second prepositional phrase, 'in the end.' If it is an aorist in the most typical sense of past tense, what meaning can this phrase have? Given this question, and the eschatological tone of the letter, some have interpreted this passage to contain a proleptic or prophetic aorist, 'wrath will have come upon them in the end.' The interpretation would be that the activity of hoi Joudaioi always resisting God's messengers has brought eternal, eschatological wrath upon them, which is contrasted with the 'salvation from wrath' assurance of the Thessalonian Christ-believers. Most commentators, however, attempt to explain the phrase capturing a more common aoristic sense, which requires, in the first place, an explanation for εἰς τέλος ... Frame, in his classic commentary, has demonstrated reasonably that the parallel with the previous verse suggests a temporal use ... Despite this clarification, the decision remains difficult, and there is no NT idiom to match any use other than "in the end" or "unto the end." A parallel in Testament of Levi 6:11, though containing different readings, and although it cannot be determined that the pseudepigraphal material is not a Christian interpolation, uses the idiom with the aorist and is worthy of comparison ..."
Brento Dickieson, Antisemitism and the Judaistic Paul: A Study of I Thessalonians 2:14-16 in Light of Paul's Social and Rhetorical Contexts and the Contemporary Question of Antisemitism (Signum University, 2006), 151–152.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Testament of Levi 6:11 and 1 Thessalonians 2:16

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