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1 Thessalonians

About this book
Chapter 2

1 For you yourselves know, brothers and sisters, about our coming to you—it has not proven to be purposeless. 2 But although we suffered earlier and were mistreated in Philippi, as you know, we had the courage in our God to declare to you the gospel of God in spite of much opposition. 3 For the appeal we make does not come from error or impurity or with deceit, 4 but just as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel, so we declare it, not to please people but God, who examines our hearts. 5 For we never appeared with flattering speech, as you know, nor with a pretext for greed—God is our witness— 6 nor to seek glory from people, either from you or from others, 7 although we could have imposed our weight as apostles of Christ; instead we became little children among you. Like a nursing mother caring for her own children, 8 with such affection for you we were happy to share with you not only the gospel of God but also our own lives, because you had become dear to us. 9 For you recall, brothers and sisters, our toil and drudgery: By working night and day so as not to impose a burden on any of you, we preached to you the gospel of God.⁠ 10 You are witnesses, and so is God, as to how holy and righteous and blameless our conduct was toward you who believe. 11 As you know, we treated each one of you as a father treats his own children, 12 exhorting and encouraging you and insisting that you live in a way worthy of God who calls you to his own kingdom and his glory. 13 And so we too constantly thank God that when you received God’s message that you heard from us, you accepted it not as a human message, but as it truly is, God’s message, which is at work among you who believe. 14 For you became imitators, brothers and sisters, of God’s churches in Christ Jesus that are in Judea, because you too suffered the same things from your own countrymen as they in fact did from the Jews, 15 who killed both the Lord Jesus and the prophets and persecuted us severely. They are displeasing to God and are opposed to all people⁠ 16 because they hinder us from speaking to the Gentiles so that they may be saved. Thus they constantly fill up their measure of sins, but wrath has come upon them completely.⁠ 17 But when we were separated from you, brothers and sisters, for a short time (in presence, not in affection) we became all the more fervent in our great desire to see you in person. 18 For we wanted to come to you (I, Paul, in fact tried again and again), but Satan thwarted us. 19 For who is our hope or joy or crown to boast of before our Lord Jesus at his coming? Is it not of course you? 20 For you are our glory and joy!

Texts in conversation

Compare Testament of Levi 6:11 and 1 Thessalonians 2:16

Pseudepigrapha, Testaments · New Testament

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Summary

The Testament of Levi and 1 Thessalonians say wrath comes “completely” on those who harm God’s people. In the Testament, it falls on Shechem for abusing outsiders and patriarchs. In 1 Thessalonians, it applies to those who resist God’s messengers.

Passages

Testament of Levi 6:11

Pseudepigrapha, Testaments · Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs
5 And my father heard these things and was angry, and he was grieved that they had received the circumcision and then been put to death, and in his blessings he looked unfavorably on us. 6 For we sinned because we had done this thing against his will, and he was sick on that day. 7 But I saw that the sentence of God was for evil upon Shechem; for they sought to do to Sarah and Rebecca as they had done to Dinah our sister, but the Lord prevented them. 8 And they persecuted Abraham our father when he was a foreigner, and they harassed his flocks when they were pregnant; and Eblaen, who was born in his house, they treated very shamefully. 9 And thus they did to all strangers, taking away their wives by force, and they banished them. 10 But the wrath of the Lord came upon them to the uttermost.
100 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Testament of Levi

1 Thessalonians 2:16

New Testament
14 For you became imitators, brothers and sisters, of God’s churches in Christ Jesus that are in Judea, because you too suffered the same things from your own countrymen as they in fact did from the Jews, 15 who killed both the Lord Jesus and the prophets and persecuted us severely. They are displeasing to God and are opposed to all people 16 because they hinder us from speaking to the Gentiles so that they may be saved. Thus they constantly fill up their measure of sins, but wrath has come upon them completely.
41–51 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Thessalonians

References

"... The bigger debate, however, is concerning the kind of aorist Paul is utilizing and (subsequently) what event is being referred to. That Paul can speak of wrath in the past sense is possible, so this aorist may simply represent past time. The issue is complicated by the second prepositional phrase, 'in the end.' If it is an aorist in the most typical sense of past tense, what meaning can this phrase have? Given this question, and the eschatological tone of the letter, some have interpreted this passage to contain a proleptic or prophetic aorist, 'wrath will have come upon them in the end.' The interpretation would be that the activity of hoi Joudaioi always resisting God's messengers has brought eternal, eschatological wrath upon them, which is contrasted with the 'salvation from wrath' assurance of the Thessalonian Christ-believers. Most commentators, however, attempt to explain the phrase capturing a more common aoristic sense, which requires, in the first place, an explanation for εἰς τέλος ... Frame, in his classic commentary, has demonstrated reasonably that the parallel with the previous verse suggests a temporal use ... Despite this clarification, the decision remains difficult, and there is no NT idiom to match any use other than "in the end" or "unto the end." A parallel in Testament of Levi 6:11, though containing different readings, and although it cannot be determined that the pseudepigraphal material is not a Christian interpolation, uses the idiom with the aorist and is worthy of comparison ..."
Brento Dickieson, Antisemitism and the Judaistic Paul: A Study of I Thessalonians 2:14-16 in Light of Paul's Social and Rhetorical Contexts and the Contemporary Question of Antisemitism (Signum University, 2006), 151–152.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Testament of Levi 6:11 and 1 Thessalonians 2:16

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