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Targum Psalms

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Psalm 74

1 A good lesson, composed by Asaph. Why, O God, have you moved far off forever? [Why] will your anger be fierce against the flock of your pasture? 2 Remember your congregation that you acquired of old; you redeemed from Egypt the tribes of your inheritance, this same Mount Zion on which you made your presence to abide. 3 Lift up your footsteps to dissolve the nations forever, for the enemy with all his strength has done harm in the holy place. 4 Your oppressors cry out in the midst of your assemblies; they have set up their standards as signs. 5 He will strike with a hammer like a man who lifts up his hand against a wood thicket to cut it with axes. 6 But now they pull down its carvings together; they pound with the hatchet and the two-edged chisel as if with mallets. 7 They have burned the sanctuary to the ground with fire; they have defiled the tabernacle in which your name is uttered. 8 Their children spoke in their hearts together; their fathers burned all the assemblies of God in the land. 9 We have not seen our signs that the prophets gave us; there are no longer any prophets and we have none with us who knows how long. 10 How long, O God, will the oppressor show disdain? Will the enemy reject your name forever? 11 Why will you withdraw your hand, even your right hand, from redeeming? Take it out of your bosom and do away with oppression. 12 But God is the king, whose holy presence is from of old, one who carries out redemption in the midst of the land. 13 You cut off the waters of the sea by your power; you broke the heads of the sea serpents, and drowned the Egyptians at the sea.⁠ 14 You shattered the heads of Pharaoh’s warriors; you handed them over for destruction to the people of the house of Israel, and their corpses to jackals. 15 You split the spring from the rock and it became a stream; you dried up the ford of the streams of the Arnon and the ford of the Jabbok and the Jordan, which were so powerful. 16 Yours is the day-time, yours, too, is the night; you have made firm the moon and sun. 17 You set up all the boundaries of the earth; summer and winter, you created them. 18 Remember this, the enemy, slanderer of the Lord, and the foolish people who have rejected your name. 19 Do not deliver the souls of those who teach your Torah to the Gentiles, who are likened to beasts of the field; do not forget the lives of your poor forever. 20 Look at the covenant that you made with our fathers, for their children are finished off; darkness is spread over the land, and fraud, and violence. 21 The pauper will not return ashamed; the poor and lowly will praise your name. 22 Arise, O God; argue your case; call to mind the disgrace of your people because of foolish counsel all the day. 23 Do not forget the voice of your oppressors, the turmoil, always mounting, of those who stand against you.

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Compare Psalm 74:13 and Targum Psalm 74:13

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Psalm 74 depicts a cosmic battle where God defeats the chaotic sea, imagery based on ancient Near Eastern combat myths. The Targum reinterprets this by identifying the enemy as Egypt at the Reed Sea and Leviathan as Pharaoh’s warriors.

Passages

Psalm 74:13

Hebrew Bible
10 How long, O God, will the adversary hurl insults? Will the enemy blaspheme your name forever? 11 Why do you remain inactive? Intervene and destroy him. 12 But God has been my king from ancient times, performing acts of deliverance on the earth. 13 You destroyed the sea by your strength; you shattered the heads of the sea monster in the water. 14 You crushed the heads of Leviathan; you fed him to the people who live along the coast. 15 You broke open the spring and the stream; you dried up perpetually flowing rivers.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

Targum Psalm 74:13

Targum
10 How long, O God, will the oppressor show disdain? Will the enemy reject your name forever? 11 Why will you withdraw your hand, even your right hand, from redeeming? Take it out of your bosom and do away with oppression. 12 But God is the king, whose holy presence is from of old, one who carries out redemption in the midst of the land. 13 You cut off the waters of the sea by your power; you broke the heads of the sea serpents, and drowned the Egyptians at the sea. 14 You shattered the heads of Pharaoh’s warriors; you handed them over for destruction to the people of the house of Israel, and their corpses to jackals. 15 You split the spring from the rock and it became a stream; you dried up the ford of the streams of the Arnon and the ford of the Jabbok and the Jordan, which were so powerful.
200–600 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Targum Psalms

References

"... Psalm 74:12–17 is a hymn that interweaves themes of authority, combat, and creation. Elohim is described as a divine king who has divided Sea, shattered the heads of dragons, and crushed the heads of Leviathan (Psalm 74:13–14). The Targum of Psalm 74:13–14, however, states that the deity has drowned the Egyptians at the Reed Sea and crushed the heads of Pharaoh’s warriors. We see that the targumic reading adds several details that indicate a layering of exodus tradition ... By analyzing how the Targum clarifies, obscures, and comments on the Hebrew original, we may identify the creative exegetical work of those who retold biblical passages. In the case of Tg. Ps 74:12–17, the layering of exodus tradition within the hymn changes the narrative setting of Elohim’s activities, shifting from a primordial scene of combat and creation to an epic event from the story of the exodus. The exodus narrative was the foundational story of Israelite self-identification and provided the paradigm of the deity intervening in human affairs on behalf of the people. The final form of Psalm 74 is a hymn of national lament. The lament cites the deity’s past feats in order to provoke him to action within the current dismal situation. This provided a fitting literary context for later targumic transmitters to incorporate details from the paradigmatic story of delivery from distress through divine action ..."
Debra Scoggins Ballentine, “Revising a Myth: The Targum of Psalm 74 and the Exodus Tradition,” in The One Who Sows Bountifully: Essays in Honor of Stanley K. Stowers, ed. Caroline Johnson Hodge and Stanley Kent Stowers (Providence, RI: Brown Judaic Studies, 2013), 107–117.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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