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Psalms

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Psalm 74

1 A well-written song by Asaph. Why, O God, have you permanently rejected us? Why does your anger burn against the sheep of your pasture? 2 Remember your people whom you acquired in ancient times, whom you rescued so they could be your very own nation, as well as Mount Zion, where you dwell. 3 Hurry to the permanent ruins, and to all the damage the enemy has done to the temple. 4 Your enemies roar in the middle of your sanctuary; they set up their battle flags. 5 They invade like lumberjacks swinging their axes in a thick forest. 6 And now they are tearing down all its engravings with axes and crowbars. 7 They set your sanctuary on fire; they desecrate your dwelling place by knocking it to the ground.⁠ 8 They say to themselves, “We will oppress all of them.” They burn down all the places in the land where people worship God. 9 We do not see any signs of God’s presence; there are no longer any prophets, and we have no one to tell us how long this will last. 10 How long, O God, will the adversary hurl insults? Will the enemy blaspheme your name forever? 11 Why do you remain inactive? Intervene and destroy him. 12 But God has been my king from ancient times, performing acts of deliverance on the earth.⁠ 13 You destroyed the sea by your strength; you shattered the heads of the sea monster⁠ in the water.⁠ 14 You crushed the heads of Leviathan;⁠ you fed him to the people who live along the coast.⁠ 15 You broke open the spring and the stream; you dried up perpetually flowing rivers. 16 You established the cycle of day and night;⁠ you put the moon and sun in place.⁠ 17 You set up all the boundaries of the earth; you created the cycle of summer and winter.⁠ 18 Remember how the enemy hurls insults, O Lord, and how a foolish nation blasphemes your name. 19 Do not hand the life of your dove over to a wild animal. Do not continue to disregard the lives of your oppressed people. 20 Remember your covenant promises, for the dark regions of the earth are full of places where violence rules. 21 Do not let the afflicted be turned back in shame. Let the oppressed and poor praise your name. 22 Rise up, O God. Defend your honor. Remember how fools insult you all day long.⁠ 23 Do not disregard what your enemies say or the unceasing shouts of those who defy you.

Texts in conversation

Compare Psalm 74:13 and Targum Psalm 74:13

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Psalm 74 depicts a cosmic battle where God defeats the chaotic sea, imagery based on ancient Near Eastern combat myths. The Targum reinterprets this by identifying the enemy as Egypt at the Reed Sea and Leviathan as Pharaoh’s warriors.

Passages

Psalm 74:13

Hebrew Bible
10 How long, O God, will the adversary hurl insults? Will the enemy blaspheme your name forever? 11 Why do you remain inactive? Intervene and destroy him. 12 But God has been my king from ancient times, performing acts of deliverance on the earth. 13 You destroyed the sea by your strength; you shattered the heads of the sea monster in the water. 14 You crushed the heads of Leviathan; you fed him to the people who live along the coast. 15 You broke open the spring and the stream; you dried up perpetually flowing rivers.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

Targum Psalm 74:13

Targum
10 How long, O God, will the oppressor show disdain? Will the enemy reject your name forever? 11 Why will you withdraw your hand, even your right hand, from redeeming? Take it out of your bosom and do away with oppression. 12 But God is the king, whose holy presence is from of old, one who carries out redemption in the midst of the land. 13 You cut off the waters of the sea by your power; you broke the heads of the sea serpents, and drowned the Egyptians at the sea. 14 You shattered the heads of Pharaoh’s warriors; you handed them over for destruction to the people of the house of Israel, and their corpses to jackals. 15 You split the spring from the rock and it became a stream; you dried up the ford of the streams of the Arnon and the ford of the Jabbok and the Jordan, which were so powerful.
200–600 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Targum Psalms

References

"... Psalm 74:12–17 is a hymn that interweaves themes of authority, combat, and creation. Elohim is described as a divine king who has divided Sea, shattered the heads of dragons, and crushed the heads of Leviathan (Psalm 74:13–14). The Targum of Psalm 74:13–14, however, states that the deity has drowned the Egyptians at the Reed Sea and crushed the heads of Pharaoh’s warriors. We see that the targumic reading adds several details that indicate a layering of exodus tradition ... By analyzing how the Targum clarifies, obscures, and comments on the Hebrew original, we may identify the creative exegetical work of those who retold biblical passages. In the case of Tg. Ps 74:12–17, the layering of exodus tradition within the hymn changes the narrative setting of Elohim’s activities, shifting from a primordial scene of combat and creation to an epic event from the story of the exodus. The exodus narrative was the foundational story of Israelite self-identification and provided the paradigm of the deity intervening in human affairs on behalf of the people. The final form of Psalm 74 is a hymn of national lament. The lament cites the deity’s past feats in order to provoke him to action within the current dismal situation. This provided a fitting literary context for later targumic transmitters to incorporate details from the paradigmatic story of delivery from distress through divine action ..."
Debra Scoggins Ballentine, “Revising a Myth: The Targum of Psalm 74 and the Exodus Tradition,” in The One Who Sows Bountifully: Essays in Honor of Stanley K. Stowers, ed. Caroline Johnson Hodge and Stanley Kent Stowers (Providence, RI: Brown Judaic Studies, 2013), 107–117.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Psalm 74:13 and Targum Psalm 74:13

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