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Targum Lamentations

About this book
Chapter 4

1 How the gold of the Temple has dimmed, the choice gold leaf has changed! The sacred jewels are scattered at the head of every street. 2 The precious sons of Zion which were comparable in their appearance to that of fine gold, how the unclean people brought them down near to their beds and stare at them, so that their wives might bear sons as beautiful as they and they are considered as [clay][1] vessels the work of the hands of the potter. 3 Even the pampered daughters of Israel untie their breasts to the nations who are like the basilisk. And the young men of the Congregation of my people are handed over to cruel men and their mothers mourn over them like ostriches in the desert. 4 The tongue of the youth clings to his palate from thirst. Children ask for bread, but there is no one who offers it to them. 5 Those who used to eat delicacies were desolate in the markets. Those who were reared in the color crimson embrace dunghills. 6 The sin of the Congregation of my people is greater than the sin of Sodom that was overthrown in a moment. And no prophets were left in her to prophesy, to turn her back in repentance. 7 Her Nazarites were purer than snow, smoother than milk. Their appearance was ruddier than crimson and their faces like sapphires. 8 Their appearance was darker than the blackness of the exile; they were not recognized in the markets. Their skin clung to their bones; brittle as a twig. 9 Better were those who were slain by the sword than those who were slain by hunger, for those slain by the sword perished[2] when pierced in their bellies because they ate of the gleanings of the field; and those who were bloated from hunger; their bellies burst from food. 10 The hands of women who were merciful towards the poor boiled their young, they became sustenance for them when the day of famine broke, when the Congregation of my people was destroyed. 11 The Lord has finished his anger; he has poured out his fierce wrath upon Jerusalem and he has brought up a raging fire in Zion, and it consumed her foundations. 12 The kingdoms of the earth did not believe, nor did those who dwell in the world, that the wicked Nebuchadnezzar and Nebuzaradan the enemy would enter to slaughter the people of the House of Israel in the gates of Jerusalem. 13 The Attribute of Justice spoke up and said, “All this would not have happened but for the sins of her prophets who prophesied to her false prophesies and the iniquity of her priests who offered up burning incense to idols. They themselves caused the blood of the innocent to be shed in her midst.” 14 The blind wandered about in the markets, defiled with the blood of those slain by the sword and since they could not see they touched their clothes. 15 “Turn away from the unclean!” cried the nations, “Turn away, turn away! Do not touch them!” For they quarreled, indeed they wandered. They said, when they were peacefully established among the nations, “They shall not continue to dwell [here].” 16 They were dispersed from before the face of the Lord, he no longer regarded them. Therefore the wicked peoples did not respect the priests nor did they spare the elders. 17 Our eyes still fail to see our help which we expected to come from the Romans, but which turned to naught for us. In hope we watched for the Edomites who were a nation that could not save. 18 They prowled our paths so that we could not walk safely in our open places. We said, “Our end is near; our days are fulfilled,” for our end had come. 19 Our pursuers were swifter than the eagles of the heavens; unto the mountains they chased us, in the desert they lay in wait for us. 20 King Josiah, who was as dear to us as the breath of the spirit of life in our nostrils and was anointed with the anointing oil of the Lord, was entrapped in Egypt’s snare of corruption. It was he of whom we said, “In the shadow of his merit we will live among the nations.” 21 Rejoice and be of good cheer Constantinople, city of wicked Edom, which is built in the land of Armenia with crowds from the people of Edom.⁠ Retribution is about to come upon even you, and the Parkevi will destroy you and the accursed cup shall pass to you and you shall become drunk and exposed. 22 And after this your iniquity will be finished, O Congregation of Zion and you will be freed by the hands of the King Messiah and Elijah[3] the High Priest and the Lord will no longer exile you. And at that time I will punish your iniquities, wicked Rome, built in Italy and filled with crowds of Edomites. And the Persians will come and oppress you and destroy you because your sins have been made known before the Lord.

Texts in conversation

Compare Lamentations 4:21 and Targum Lamentations 4:21

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Lamentations describes Edom’s temporary triumph and future judgment. The Aramaic translation in the Targum interprets this anachronistically with references to Rome and Persia, transforming it into a commentary on its own current events.

Passages

Lamentations 4:21

Hebrew Bible
20 ר (Resh) Our very life breath—the Lord’s anointed king—was caught in their traps, of whom we thought, “Under his protection we will survive among the nations.” 21 ש (Shin) Rejoice and be glad for now, O people of Edom, who reside in the land of Uz. But the cup of judgment will pass to you also; you will get drunk and take off your clothes. 22 ת (Tav) O people of Zion, your punishment will come to an end; he will not prolong your exile. But, O people of Edom, he will punish your sin and reveal your offenses!
500–401 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Lamentations

Targum Lamentations 4:21

Targum
20 King Josiah, who was as dear to us as the breath of the spirit of life in our nostrils and was anointed with the anointing oil of the Lord, was entrapped in Egypt’s snare of corruption. It was he of whom we said, “In the shadow of his merit we will live among the nations.” 21 Rejoice and be of good cheer Constantinople, city of wicked Edom, which is built in the land of Armenia with crowds from the people of Edom. Retribution is about to come upon even you, and the Parkevi will destroy you and the accursed cup shall pass to you and you shall become drunk and exposed. 22 And after this your iniquity will be finished, O Congregation of Zion and you will be freed by the hands of the King Messiah and Elijah[3] the High Priest and the Lord will no longer exile you. And at that time I will punish your iniquities, wicked Rome, built in Italy and filled with crowds of Edomites. And the Persians will come and oppress you and destroy you because your sins have been made known before the Lord.
200–600 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Targum Lamentations

References

"... An example with a greater claim to contemporaneity can be found in Targum Lamentations 4:21-22 ... This Targum contemporizes the Hebrew text to refer to a time when both Constantinople in “Armenia” and Rome in Italy were threatened by Persians and expresses the targumist’s hope that deliverance, and the appearance of the Messiah, were close at hand. The most likely historical setting for such a conflict is the prolonged war between the Byzantine Empire under Heraclius and the Sassanian Empire in the early seventh century CE; and in fact, apocalyptic speculation was rife in Jewish literature of this period. But the reference to Persians oppressing and destroying Rome in Italy is puzzling, since the western Roman Empire was already defunct by the time of the Byzantine-Sassanian war. It is possible that the text of the Targum was revised and updated over a long period and that an original reference to the fall of the Western empire was assimilated to the conflict that threatened the Eastern empire. It is impossible to be sure ..."
Edward M. Cook, “The Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible in the Targums,” in A Companion to Biblical Interpretation in Early Judaism, ed. Matthias Henze (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2012), 92–117.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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  • ¿Que es Parkevi o que significado tiene aquí?

    Ariel, August 22, 2024

Lamentations 4:21 and Targum Lamentations 4:21

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