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Lamentations

About this book
Chapter 4

1 א (Alef) Alas! Gold has lost its luster; pure gold loses value. Jewels are scattered on every street corner. 2 ב (Bet) The precious sons of Zion were worth their weight in gold—Alas!—but now they are treated like broken clay pots, made by a potter.⁠ 3 ג (Gimel) Even the jackals nurse their young at their breast, but my people are cruel, like ostriches in the wilderness.⁠ 4 ד (Dalet) The infant’s tongue sticks to the roof of its mouth due to thirst; little children beg for bread, but no one gives them even a morsel. 5 ה (He) Those who once feasted on delicacies are now starving to death in the streets. Those who grew up wearing expensive clothes are now dying amid garbage. 6 ו (Vav) The punishment of my people exceeds that of Sodom, which was overthrown in a moment with no one to help her.⁠ 7 ז (Zayin) Our consecrated ones were brighter than snow, whiter than milk; their bodies more ruddy than corals, their hair like lapis lazuli. 8 ח (Khet) Now their appearance is darker than soot; they are not recognized in the streets. Their skin has shriveled on their bones; it is dried up, like tree bark. 9 ט (Tet) Those who die by the sword are better off than those who die of hunger, those who waste away, struck down from lack of food. 10 י (Yod) The hands of tenderhearted women cooked their own children, who became their food, when my people were destroyed.⁠ 11 כ (Kaf) The Lord fully vented his wrath; he poured out his fierce anger. He started a fire in Zion; it consumed her foundations. 12 ל (Lamed) Neither the kings of the earth nor the people of the lands ever thought that enemy or foe could enter the gates of Jerusalem. 13 מ (Mem) But it happened due to the sins of her prophets and the iniquities of her priests, who poured out in her midst the blood of the righteous. 14 נ (Nun) They wander blindly through the streets, defiled by the blood they shed, while no one dares to touch their garments. 15 ס (Samek) People cry to them, “Turn away! You are unclean! Turn away! Turn away! Don’t touch us!”⁠ So they have fled and wander about; but the nations say, “They may not stay here any longer.” 16 פ (Pe) The Lord himself has scattered them; he no longer watches over them. They did not honor the priests; they did not show favor to the elders. 17 ע (Ayin) Our eyes continually failed us as we looked in vain for help. From our watchtowers we watched for a nation that could not rescue us. 18 צ (Tsade) Our enemies hunted us down at every step so that we could not walk about in our streets. Our end drew near, our days were numbered, for our end had come! 19 ק (Qof) Those who pursued us were swifter than eagles in the sky. They chased us over the mountains; they ambushed us in the wilderness. 20 ר (Resh) Our very life breath—the Lord’s anointed king—was caught in their traps,⁠ of whom we thought, “Under his protection we will survive among the nations.” 21 ש (Shin) Rejoice and be glad for now, O people of Edom, who reside in the land of Uz.⁠ But the cup of judgment will pass to you also; you will get drunk and take off your clothes.⁠ 22 ת (Tav) O people of Zion, your punishment will come to an end; he will not prolong your exile. But, O people of Edom, he will punish your sin and reveal your offenses!

Texts in conversation

Compare Lamentations 4:21 and Targum Lamentations 4:21

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Lamentations describes Edom’s temporary triumph and future judgment. The Aramaic translation in the Targum interprets this anachronistically with references to Rome and Persia, transforming it into a commentary on its own current events.

Passages

Lamentations 4:21

Hebrew Bible
20 ר (Resh) Our very life breath—the Lord’s anointed king—was caught in their traps, of whom we thought, “Under his protection we will survive among the nations.” 21 ש (Shin) Rejoice and be glad for now, O people of Edom, who reside in the land of Uz. But the cup of judgment will pass to you also; you will get drunk and take off your clothes. 22 ת (Tav) O people of Zion, your punishment will come to an end; he will not prolong your exile. But, O people of Edom, he will punish your sin and reveal your offenses!
500–401 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Lamentations

Targum Lamentations 4:21

Targum
20 King Josiah, who was as dear to us as the breath of the spirit of life in our nostrils and was anointed with the anointing oil of the Lord, was entrapped in Egypt’s snare of corruption. It was he of whom we said, “In the shadow of his merit we will live among the nations.” 21 Rejoice and be of good cheer Constantinople, city of wicked Edom, which is built in the land of Armenia with crowds from the people of Edom. Retribution is about to come upon even you, and the Parkevi will destroy you and the accursed cup shall pass to you and you shall become drunk and exposed. 22 And after this your iniquity will be finished, O Congregation of Zion and you will be freed by the hands of the King Messiah and Elijah[3] the High Priest and the Lord will no longer exile you. And at that time I will punish your iniquities, wicked Rome, built in Italy and filled with crowds of Edomites. And the Persians will come and oppress you and destroy you because your sins have been made known before the Lord.
200–600 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Targum Lamentations

References

"... An example with a greater claim to contemporaneity can be found in Targum Lamentations 4:21-22 ... This Targum contemporizes the Hebrew text to refer to a time when both Constantinople in “Armenia” and Rome in Italy were threatened by Persians and expresses the targumist’s hope that deliverance, and the appearance of the Messiah, were close at hand. The most likely historical setting for such a conflict is the prolonged war between the Byzantine Empire under Heraclius and the Sassanian Empire in the early seventh century CE; and in fact, apocalyptic speculation was rife in Jewish literature of this period. But the reference to Persians oppressing and destroying Rome in Italy is puzzling, since the western Roman Empire was already defunct by the time of the Byzantine-Sassanian war. It is possible that the text of the Targum was revised and updated over a long period and that an original reference to the fall of the Western empire was assimilated to the conflict that threatened the Eastern empire. It is impossible to be sure ..."
Edward M. Cook, “The Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible in the Targums,” in A Companion to Biblical Interpretation in Early Judaism, ed. Matthias Henze (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2012), 92–117.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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  • ¿Que es Parkevi o que significado tiene aquí?

    Ariel, August 22, 2024

Lamentations 4:21 and Targum Lamentations 4:21

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