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Susanna

Susanna and the Elders

1 A man lived in Babylon, and his name was Joakim. 2 He took a wife, whose name was Susanna, the daughter of Hilkiah, a very beautiful woman, and one who feared the Lord. 3 Her parents were also righteous, and taught their daughter according to the law of Moses. 4 Now Joakim was a very rich man, and had a beautiful garden next to his house. The Jews used to come to him, because he was more honorable than all others. 5 The same year, two of the elders of the people were appointed to be judges, such as the Lord spoke of, that wickedness came from Babylon from elders who were judges, who were supposed to govern the people. 6 These were often at Joakim’s house. All who had any lawsuits came to them.

The Elders Plot Against Susanna

7 When the people went away at noon, Susanna went into her husband’s garden to walk. 8 The two elders saw her going in every day and walking; and they were inflamed with lust for her. 9 They perverted their own mind and turned away their eyes, that they might not look to heaven, nor remember just judgments. 10 And although they both were wounded with lust for her, neither dared to tell the other his distress. 11 For they were ashamed to declare their lust, what they desired to do with her. 12 Yet they watched eagerly from day to day to see her. 13 The one said to the other, “Let’s go home, now; for it is dinner time.” So they went out and parted from each other. 14 Turning back again, they came to the same place. After they had asked one another the cause, they acknowledged their lust. Then together they appointed a time when they might find her alone.

Susanna Refuses the Elders

15 It happened, as they watched for an opportune day, that she went in as before with only two maids, and she desired to wash herself in the garden; for it was hot. 16 There was nobody there except the two elders who had hidden themselves and watched her. 17 Then she said to her maids, “Bring me olive oil and ointment, and shut the garden doors, that I may wash myself.” 18 They did as she asked them and shut the garden doors, and went out themselves at the side doors to fetch the things that she had commanded them. They didn’t see the elders, because they were hidden. 19 Now when the maids had gone out, the two elders rose up and ran to her, saying, 20 “Behold, the garden doors are shut, that no man can see us, and we are in love with you. Therefore consent to us, and lie with us. 21 If you will not, we will testify against you, that a young man was with you; therefore you sent your maids away from you.” 22 Then Susanna sighed, and said, “I am trapped; for if I do this thing, it is death to me. If I don’t do it, I can’t escape your hands. 23 It is better for me to fall into your hands, and not do it, than to sin in the sight of the Lord.” 24 With that Susanna cried with a loud voice; and the two elders cried out against her. 25 Then one of them ran and opened the garden doors. 26 So when the servants of the house heard the cry in the garden, they rushed in at the side door to see what had happened to her. 27 But when the elders had told their tale, the servants were greatly ashamed; for there was never such a report made of Susanna.

Susanna Is Accused and Condemned

28 It came to pass on the next day, when the people assembled to her husband Joakim, the two elders came full of their wicked intent against Susanna to put her to death, 29 and said before the people, “Send for Susanna, the daughter of Hilkiah, Joakim’s wife.” So they sent; 30 and she came with her father and mother, her children, and all her relatives. 31 Now Susanna was a very delicate woman, and beautiful to behold. 32 These wicked men commanded her to be unveiled, for she was veiled, that they might be filled with her beauty. 33 Therefore her friends and all who saw her wept. 34 Then the two elders stood up in the midst of the people and laid their hands upon her head. 35 She, weeping, looked up toward heaven; for her heart trusted in the Lord. 36 The elders said, “As we walked in the garden alone, this woman came in with two maids, shut the garden doors, and sent the maids away. 37 Then a young man who was hidden there came to her and lay with her. 38 And we, being in a corner of the garden, saw this wickedness and ran to them. 39 And when we saw them together, we couldn’t hold the man; for he was stronger than we, and opened the doors, and leaped out. 40 But having taken this woman, we asked who the young man was, 41 but she would not tell us. We testify these things.” Then the assembly believed them, as those who were elders of the people and judges; so they condemned her to death. 42 Then Susanna cried out with a loud voice, and said, “O everlasting God, you know the secrets, and know all things before they happen.⁠ 43 You know that they have testified falsely against me. Behold, I must die, even though I never did such things as these men have maliciously invented against me.”

Daniel Exposes the False Witnesses

44 The Lord heard her voice. 45 Therefore when she was led away to be put to death, God raised up the holy spirit of a young lad, whose name was Daniel.⁠ 46 He cried with a loud voice, “I am clear from the blood of this woman!” 47 Then all the people turned toward him, and said, “What do these words that you have spoken mean?” 48 So he, standing in the midst of them, said, “Are you all such fools, you sons of Israel, that without examination or knowledge of the truth you have condemned a daughter of Israel? 49 Return again to the place of judgment; for these have testified falsely against her.” 50 Therefore all the people turned again in haste, and the elders said to him, “Come, sit down among us, and show it to us, seeing God has given you the honor of an elder.” 51 Then Daniel said to them, “Put them far apart from each other, and I will examine them.” 52 So when they were put apart one from another, he called one of them, and said to him, “O you who have become old in wickedness, now your sins which you committed before have come back, 53 in pronouncing unjust judgment, condemning the innocent, and letting the guilty go free; although the Lord says, ‘You shall not kill the innocent and righteous.’ 54 Now then, if you saw her, tell me, under which tree did you see them being intimate together?” He answered, “Under a mastic tree.” 55 And Daniel said, “You have certainly lied against your own head; for even now the angel of God has received the sentence of God and will cut you in two.” 56 So he put him aside, and commanded to bring the other, and said to him, “O you offspring of Canaan, and not of Judah, beauty has deceived you, and lust has perverted your heart.⁠ 57 Thus you have dealt with the daughters of Israel, and they were intimate with you out of fear; but the daughter of Judah would not tolerate your wickedness. 58 Now therefore tell me, under which tree did you catch them being intimate together?” He answered, “Under an evergreen oak tree.” 59 Then Daniel said to him, “You have also certainly lied against your own head; for the angel of God waits with the sword to cut you in two, that he may destroy you.” 60 With that, all the assembly cried out with a loud voice, and blessed God, who saves those who hope in him. 61 Then they arose against the two elders, for Daniel had convicted them of false testimony out of their own mouth, and they did to them what they maliciously intended to do to their neighbor. 62 According to the law of Moses they put them to death, and the innocent blood was saved the same day.

Susanna's Family Gives Thanks

63 Therefore Hilkiah and his wife praised God for their daughter Susanna, with Joakim her husband, and all the relatives, because there was no dishonesty found in her. 64 And from that day on, Daniel had a great reputation in the sight of the people.

Texts in conversation

Compare Susanna 1:56 and Irenaeus, Against Heresies 4.26.3

Deuterocanon · Early Christian

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Summary

The Christian theologian Irenaeus quotes the Greek Susanna, using it to criticize elders who serve unjustly. Irenaeus attributes the quote to Daniel, showing how early Christian tradition considered it a part of that book.

Passages

Susanna 1:56

Deuterocanon
51 Then Daniel said to them, “Put them far apart from each other, and I will examine them.” 52 So when they were put apart one from another, he called one of them, and said to him, “O you who have become old in wickedness, now your sins which you committed before have come back, 53 in pronouncing unjust judgment, condemning the innocent, and letting the guilty go free; although the Lord says, ‘You shall not kill the innocent and righteous.’ 54 Now then, if you saw her, tell me, under which tree did you see them being intimate together?” He answered, “Under a mastic tree.” 55 And Daniel said, “You have certainly lied against your own head; for even now the angel of God has received the sentence of God and will cut you in two.” 56 So he put him aside, and commanded to bring the other, and said to him, “O you offspring of Canaan, and not of Judah, beauty has deceived you, and lust has perverted your heart. 57 Thus you have dealt with the daughters of Israel, and they were intimate with you out of fear; but the daughter of Judah would not tolerate your wickedness.
200–1 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Susanna

Irenaeus, Against Heresies 4.26.3

Early Christian
3 Those, however, who are believed to be presbyters by many, but serve their own lusts, and, do not place the fear of God supreme in their hearts, but conduct themselves with contempt towards others, and are puffed up with the pride of holding the chief seat, and work evil deeds in secret, saying, No man sees us, shall be convicted by the Word, who does not judge after outward appearance (secundum gloriam), nor looks upon the countenance, but the heart; and they shall hear those words, to be found in Daniel the prophet: O you seed of Canaan, and not of Judah, beauty has deceived you, and lust perverted your heart. You that are waxen old in wicked days, now your sins which you have committed aforetime have come to light; for you have pronounced false judgments, and have been accustomed to condemn the innocent, and to let the guilty go free, albeit the Lord says, The innocent and the righteous shall you not slay. Of whom also did the Lord say: But if the evil servant shall say in his heart, My lord delays his coming, and shall begin to smite the man-servants and maidens, and to eat and drink and be drunken; the lord of that servant shall come in a day that he looks not for him, and in an hour that he is not aware of, and shall cut him asunder, and appoint him his portion with the unbelievers.
175–190 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Irenaeus, Against Heresies Book 4

References

“... Internal evidence appears to shew that both these stories originally had a separate circulation; Susanna does not form a suitable prologue to Dan. i. 2, for v. 6 introduces Daniel as a person hitherto unknown to the reader; and the position of Bel as an epilogue to the prophetic portion of the book is still less appropriate. From the Fathers, however, it is clear that in the earliest Christian copies of the LXX. both Susanna and Bel formed a part of Daniel, to which they are ascribed by Irenaeus and Tertullian, and implicitly by Hippolytus. The remarkable letter of Julius Africanus to Origen which throws doubt on the genuineness of Susanna, calling attention to indications of its Greek origin, forms a solitary exception to the general view; even Origen labours to maintain their canonicity. Iren. iv. 26. 3 "et audient eas quae sunt a Daniele propheta voces" (Sus. 56, 52 f.), iv. 5. 2 "quem et Daniel propheta ... annuntiavit" (Bel 4 f., 25). Tert. de idololatria, 18 (Bel 4 f.). ...”
Henry Barclay Swete, An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek: With an Appendix Containing the Letter of Aristeas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1900), 260.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Susanna 1:56 and Irenaeus, Against Heresies 4.26.3

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