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Susanna

Susanna and the Elders

1 A man lived in Babylon, and his name was Joakim. 2 He took a wife, whose name was Susanna, the daughter of Hilkiah, a very beautiful woman, and one who feared the Lord. 3 Her parents were also righteous, and taught their daughter according to the law of Moses. 4 Now Joakim was a very rich man, and had a beautiful garden next to his house. The Jews used to come to him, because he was more honorable than all others. 5 The same year, two of the elders of the people were appointed to be judges, such as the Lord spoke of, that wickedness came from Babylon from elders who were judges, who were supposed to govern the people. 6 These were often at Joakim’s house. All who had any lawsuits came to them.

The Elders Plot Against Susanna

7 When the people went away at noon, Susanna went into her husband’s garden to walk. 8 The two elders saw her going in every day and walking; and they were inflamed with lust for her. 9 They perverted their own mind and turned away their eyes, that they might not look to heaven, nor remember just judgments. 10 And although they both were wounded with lust for her, neither dared to tell the other his distress. 11 For they were ashamed to declare their lust, what they desired to do with her. 12 Yet they watched eagerly from day to day to see her. 13 The one said to the other, “Let’s go home, now; for it is dinner time.” So they went out and parted from each other. 14 Turning back again, they came to the same place. After they had asked one another the cause, they acknowledged their lust. Then together they appointed a time when they might find her alone.

Susanna Refuses the Elders

15 It happened, as they watched for an opportune day, that she went in as before with only two maids, and she desired to wash herself in the garden; for it was hot. 16 There was nobody there except the two elders who had hidden themselves and watched her. 17 Then she said to her maids, “Bring me olive oil and ointment, and shut the garden doors, that I may wash myself.” 18 They did as she asked them and shut the garden doors, and went out themselves at the side doors to fetch the things that she had commanded them. They didn’t see the elders, because they were hidden. 19 Now when the maids had gone out, the two elders rose up and ran to her, saying, 20 “Behold, the garden doors are shut, that no man can see us, and we are in love with you. Therefore consent to us, and lie with us. 21 If you will not, we will testify against you, that a young man was with you; therefore you sent your maids away from you.” 22 Then Susanna sighed, and said, “I am trapped; for if I do this thing, it is death to me. If I don’t do it, I can’t escape your hands. 23 It is better for me to fall into your hands, and not do it, than to sin in the sight of the Lord.” 24 With that Susanna cried with a loud voice; and the two elders cried out against her. 25 Then one of them ran and opened the garden doors. 26 So when the servants of the house heard the cry in the garden, they rushed in at the side door to see what had happened to her. 27 But when the elders had told their tale, the servants were greatly ashamed; for there was never such a report made of Susanna.

Susanna Is Accused and Condemned

28 It came to pass on the next day, when the people assembled to her husband Joakim, the two elders came full of their wicked intent against Susanna to put her to death, 29 and said before the people, “Send for Susanna, the daughter of Hilkiah, Joakim’s wife.” So they sent; 30 and she came with her father and mother, her children, and all her relatives. 31 Now Susanna was a very delicate woman, and beautiful to behold. 32 These wicked men commanded her to be unveiled, for she was veiled, that they might be filled with her beauty. 33 Therefore her friends and all who saw her wept. 34 Then the two elders stood up in the midst of the people and laid their hands upon her head. 35 She, weeping, looked up toward heaven; for her heart trusted in the Lord. 36 The elders said, “As we walked in the garden alone, this woman came in with two maids, shut the garden doors, and sent the maids away. 37 Then a young man who was hidden there came to her and lay with her. 38 And we, being in a corner of the garden, saw this wickedness and ran to them. 39 And when we saw them together, we couldn’t hold the man; for he was stronger than we, and opened the doors, and leaped out. 40 But having taken this woman, we asked who the young man was, 41 but she would not tell us. We testify these things.” Then the assembly believed them, as those who were elders of the people and judges; so they condemned her to death. 42 Then Susanna cried out with a loud voice, and said, “O everlasting God, you know the secrets, and know all things before they happen.⁠ 43 You know that they have testified falsely against me. Behold, I must die, even though I never did such things as these men have maliciously invented against me.”

Daniel Exposes the False Witnesses

44 The Lord heard her voice. 45 Therefore when she was led away to be put to death, God raised up the holy spirit of a young lad, whose name was Daniel.⁠ 46 He cried with a loud voice, “I am clear from the blood of this woman!” 47 Then all the people turned toward him, and said, “What do these words that you have spoken mean?” 48 So he, standing in the midst of them, said, “Are you all such fools, you sons of Israel, that without examination or knowledge of the truth you have condemned a daughter of Israel? 49 Return again to the place of judgment; for these have testified falsely against her.” 50 Therefore all the people turned again in haste, and the elders said to him, “Come, sit down among us, and show it to us, seeing God has given you the honor of an elder.” 51 Then Daniel said to them, “Put them far apart from each other, and I will examine them.” 52 So when they were put apart one from another, he called one of them, and said to him, “O you who have become old in wickedness, now your sins which you committed before have come back, 53 in pronouncing unjust judgment, condemning the innocent, and letting the guilty go free; although the Lord says, ‘You shall not kill the innocent and righteous.’ 54 Now then, if you saw her, tell me, under which tree did you see them being intimate together?” He answered, “Under a mastic tree.” 55 And Daniel said, “You have certainly lied against your own head; for even now the angel of God has received the sentence of God and will cut you in two.” 56 So he put him aside, and commanded to bring the other, and said to him, “O you offspring of Canaan, and not of Judah, beauty has deceived you, and lust has perverted your heart.⁠ 57 Thus you have dealt with the daughters of Israel, and they were intimate with you out of fear; but the daughter of Judah would not tolerate your wickedness. 58 Now therefore tell me, under which tree did you catch them being intimate together?” He answered, “Under an evergreen oak tree.” 59 Then Daniel said to him, “You have also certainly lied against your own head; for the angel of God waits with the sword to cut you in two, that he may destroy you.” 60 With that, all the assembly cried out with a loud voice, and blessed God, who saves those who hope in him. 61 Then they arose against the two elders, for Daniel had convicted them of false testimony out of their own mouth, and they did to them what they maliciously intended to do to their neighbor. 62 According to the law of Moses they put them to death, and the innocent blood was saved the same day.

Susanna's Family Gives Thanks

63 Therefore Hilkiah and his wife praised God for their daughter Susanna, with Joakim her husband, and all the relatives, because there was no dishonesty found in her. 64 And from that day on, Daniel had a great reputation in the sight of the people.

Does Susanna Follow the Pattern of Naboth?

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An intertextual perspective on:

  • Susanna

Speculative (plausible but uncertain)

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In Susanna 28–41, two respected elders accuse an innocent woman of adultery, and the assembly accepts their testimony without investigating what happened. Their accusation resembles the plot directed at Naboth in 1 Kings 21:8–14, where two false witnesses secure an innocent man's execution. The connection involves a particular danger within the judicial requirements of Deuteronomy: two witnesses can agree on an accusation while telling the same lie. Susanna survives this danger through Daniel's intervention, while Naboth is killed through a procedure that appears to satisfy the requirement for witnesses.1

In 1 Kings 21, Jezebel arranges Naboth's prosecution after he refuses to surrender his vineyard to Ahab, and the city's elders and nobles carry out her instructions. Two men accuse Naboth of cursing God and the king, after which he is taken outside the city and stoned. The number of witnesses and the manner of execution correspond to Deuteronomy 17:6–7, which requires two or three witnesses for a death sentence and prescribes stoning. Deuteronomy 19:15 extends the requirement for multiple witnesses to accusations more generally. Jezebel's conspiracy exploits that requirement by supplying two men who will support the same fabricated charge.2

In Susanna, the accusers themselves serve as judges, the officials responsible under Deuteronomy 19:16–19 for investigating suspected false testimony.3 Daniel interrupts the proceedings and challenges the assembly's failure to investigate the elders' accusation. In Susanna 48–51, he has the witnesses separated and questions them individually about the tree under which the alleged adultery occurred. Their conflicting answers reveal that they have fabricated their account of what happened. His demand for inquiry is similar to Deuteronomy 19:16–18, where judges must investigate an accusation involving a suspected malicious witness.4 The elders have satisfied the requirement for two witnesses while conspiring together as one, and Daniel's questioning exposes the deception concealed by their agreement.5

The elders' punishment connects the ending more directly with Deuteronomy 19:19, which requires that a false witness receive the punishment intended for the accused.6 In Susanna 60–62, the assembly turns on the accusers, and Theodotion's Greek version expressly connects their execution with the commandments of Moses. The men who sought Susanna's death are themselves put to death, while she escapes the death penalty their testimony had secured. The investigation and the punishment follow successive requirements in Deuteronomy 19: scrutiny of the accusation, followed by punishment of deliberate false testimony.

These similarities support a comparison with Naboth without establishing that the author of Susanna deliberately rewrote 1 Kings 21. One perspective is that Susanna's rescue reverses the successful prosecution of Naboth, giving the threatened innocent person an intervention that prevents execution. Another perspective is that the courtroom episode develops the requirements of Deuteronomy 16–19 within a criticism of corrupt judges, without depending on Naboth's story.7 The shared pattern of two false witnesses remains evident, but direct literary dependence is less certain than Susanna's connections with the requirements for investigation and punishment in Deuteronomy.

Daniel's success also leaves a difficulty for interpreting the episode as a model of judicial practice. The story presents his intervention as God's answer to Susanna's prayer, and he identifies the elders as guilty even before questioning them. His knowledge is unavailable to an ordinary judge, while contradictory testimony alone would not necessarily establish deliberate perjury.8 Susanna's acquittal therefore illustrates the protection of an innocent person through divine intervention, without establishing a procedure that would reliably prevent another trial from ending as Naboth's did.

Notes

  1. 1
    Sarah J. K. Pearce, The Words of Moses: Studies in the Reception of Deuteronomy in the Second Temple Period, Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2013), 236.
  2. 2
    Pearce, The Words of Moses, 151–152.
  3. 3
    Joseph Scales, “Susanna and Callirhoe: Female Bodies, Law, and Novels,” lectio difficilior (2022): 11.
  4. 4
    Michael Segal, “‘For From Zion Shall Come Forth Torah . . .’ (Isaiah 2:3): Biblical Paraphrase and the Exegetical Background of Susanna,” in New Approaches to the Study of Biblical Interpretation in Judaism of the Second Temple Period and in Early Christianity, ed. Gary A. Anderson, Ruth A. Clements, and David Satran, Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah 106 (Leiden: Brill, 2013), 37–38.
  5. 5
    Pearce, The Words of Moses, 202–203, 236.
  6. 6
    Segal, “‘For From Zion Shall,” 37.
  7. 7
    Segal, “‘For From Zion Shall,” 37–38.
  8. 8
    Pearce, The Words of Moses, 204–205.

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