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Susanna

Susanna and the Elders

1 A man lived in Babylon, and his name was Joakim. 2 He took a wife, whose name was Susanna, the daughter of Hilkiah, a very beautiful woman, and one who feared the Lord. 3 Her parents were also righteous, and taught their daughter according to the law of Moses. 4 Now Joakim was a very rich man, and had a beautiful garden next to his house. The Jews used to come to him, because he was more honorable than all others. 5 The same year, two of the elders of the people were appointed to be judges, such as the Lord spoke of, that wickedness came from Babylon from elders who were judges, who were supposed to govern the people. 6 These were often at Joakim’s house. All who had any lawsuits came to them.

The Elders Plot Against Susanna

7 When the people went away at noon, Susanna went into her husband’s garden to walk. 8 The two elders saw her going in every day and walking; and they were inflamed with lust for her. 9 They perverted their own mind and turned away their eyes, that they might not look to heaven, nor remember just judgments. 10 And although they both were wounded with lust for her, neither dared to tell the other his distress. 11 For they were ashamed to declare their lust, what they desired to do with her. 12 Yet they watched eagerly from day to day to see her. 13 The one said to the other, “Let’s go home, now; for it is dinner time.” So they went out and parted from each other. 14 Turning back again, they came to the same place. After they had asked one another the cause, they acknowledged their lust. Then together they appointed a time when they might find her alone.

Susanna Refuses the Elders

15 It happened, as they watched for an opportune day, that she went in as before with only two maids, and she desired to wash herself in the garden; for it was hot. 16 There was nobody there except the two elders who had hidden themselves and watched her. 17 Then she said to her maids, “Bring me olive oil and ointment, and shut the garden doors, that I may wash myself.” 18 They did as she asked them and shut the garden doors, and went out themselves at the side doors to fetch the things that she had commanded them. They didn’t see the elders, because they were hidden. 19 Now when the maids had gone out, the two elders rose up and ran to her, saying, 20 “Behold, the garden doors are shut, that no man can see us, and we are in love with you. Therefore consent to us, and lie with us. 21 If you will not, we will testify against you, that a young man was with you; therefore you sent your maids away from you.” 22 Then Susanna sighed, and said, “I am trapped; for if I do this thing, it is death to me. If I don’t do it, I can’t escape your hands. 23 It is better for me to fall into your hands, and not do it, than to sin in the sight of the Lord.” 24 With that Susanna cried with a loud voice; and the two elders cried out against her. 25 Then one of them ran and opened the garden doors. 26 So when the servants of the house heard the cry in the garden, they rushed in at the side door to see what had happened to her. 27 But when the elders had told their tale, the servants were greatly ashamed; for there was never such a report made of Susanna.

Susanna Is Accused and Condemned

28 It came to pass on the next day, when the people assembled to her husband Joakim, the two elders came full of their wicked intent against Susanna to put her to death, 29 and said before the people, “Send for Susanna, the daughter of Hilkiah, Joakim’s wife.” So they sent; 30 and she came with her father and mother, her children, and all her relatives. 31 Now Susanna was a very delicate woman, and beautiful to behold. 32 These wicked men commanded her to be unveiled, for she was veiled, that they might be filled with her beauty. 33 Therefore her friends and all who saw her wept. 34 Then the two elders stood up in the midst of the people and laid their hands upon her head. 35 She, weeping, looked up toward heaven; for her heart trusted in the Lord. 36 The elders said, “As we walked in the garden alone, this woman came in with two maids, shut the garden doors, and sent the maids away. 37 Then a young man who was hidden there came to her and lay with her. 38 And we, being in a corner of the garden, saw this wickedness and ran to them. 39 And when we saw them together, we couldn’t hold the man; for he was stronger than we, and opened the doors, and leaped out. 40 But having taken this woman, we asked who the young man was, 41 but she would not tell us. We testify these things.” Then the assembly believed them, as those who were elders of the people and judges; so they condemned her to death. 42 Then Susanna cried out with a loud voice, and said, “O everlasting God, you know the secrets, and know all things before they happen.⁠ 43 You know that they have testified falsely against me. Behold, I must die, even though I never did such things as these men have maliciously invented against me.”

Daniel Exposes the False Witnesses

44 The Lord heard her voice. 45 Therefore when she was led away to be put to death, God raised up the holy spirit of a young lad, whose name was Daniel.⁠ 46 He cried with a loud voice, “I am clear from the blood of this woman!” 47 Then all the people turned toward him, and said, “What do these words that you have spoken mean?” 48 So he, standing in the midst of them, said, “Are you all such fools, you sons of Israel, that without examination or knowledge of the truth you have condemned a daughter of Israel? 49 Return again to the place of judgment; for these have testified falsely against her.” 50 Therefore all the people turned again in haste, and the elders said to him, “Come, sit down among us, and show it to us, seeing God has given you the honor of an elder.” 51 Then Daniel said to them, “Put them far apart from each other, and I will examine them.” 52 So when they were put apart one from another, he called one of them, and said to him, “O you who have become old in wickedness, now your sins which you committed before have come back, 53 in pronouncing unjust judgment, condemning the innocent, and letting the guilty go free; although the Lord says, ‘You shall not kill the innocent and righteous.’ 54 Now then, if you saw her, tell me, under which tree did you see them being intimate together?” He answered, “Under a mastic tree.” 55 And Daniel said, “You have certainly lied against your own head; for even now the angel of God has received the sentence of God and will cut you in two.” 56 So he put him aside, and commanded to bring the other, and said to him, “O you offspring of Canaan, and not of Judah, beauty has deceived you, and lust has perverted your heart.⁠ 57 Thus you have dealt with the daughters of Israel, and they were intimate with you out of fear; but the daughter of Judah would not tolerate your wickedness. 58 Now therefore tell me, under which tree did you catch them being intimate together?” He answered, “Under an evergreen oak tree.” 59 Then Daniel said to him, “You have also certainly lied against your own head; for the angel of God waits with the sword to cut you in two, that he may destroy you.” 60 With that, all the assembly cried out with a loud voice, and blessed God, who saves those who hope in him. 61 Then they arose against the two elders, for Daniel had convicted them of false testimony out of their own mouth, and they did to them what they maliciously intended to do to their neighbor. 62 According to the law of Moses they put them to death, and the innocent blood was saved the same day.

Susanna's Family Gives Thanks

63 Therefore Hilkiah and his wife praised God for their daughter Susanna, with Joakim her husband, and all the relatives, because there was no dishonesty found in her. 64 And from that day on, Daniel had a great reputation in the sight of the people.

Texts in conversation

Compare 1 Enoch 9:11 and Susanna 1:42

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · Deuterocanon

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Summary

1 Enoch 9 and Susanna describe prayers spoken when God is silent during injustice. In 1 Enoch, the prayer laments violence on the earth and in Susanna, the falsely accused woman cries out. Neither asks to be rescued; both use prayer to protest to God.

Passages

1 Enoch 9:11

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
9 The women have borne giants, and as a result the whole earth has been filled with blood and unrighteousness. 10 And now the souls of those who have died are crying out and pleading at the gates of heaven, and their laments have risen up; they cannot stop because of the lawless acts committed on the earth. 11 You know all things before they happen, and You see these things and allow them, and You do not tell us what we should do about them.'
300 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Enoch

Susanna 1:42

Deuterocanon
40 But having taken this woman, we asked who the young man was, 41 but she would not tell us. We testify these things.” Then the assembly believed them, as those who were elders of the people and judges; so they condemned her to death. 42 Then Susanna cried out with a loud voice, and said, “O everlasting God, you know the secrets, and know all things before they happen. 43 You know that they have testified falsely against me. Behold, I must die, even though I never did such things as these men have maliciously invented against me.” 44 The Lord heard her voice.
200–1 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Susanna

References

"... the prayer is not really a petition that God act as one’s predications of him would lead one to expect; it is, in effect, an indictment that God has failed so to act and has not answered the cry that a beleaguered humanity has raised to him. It is perhaps not by accident that a similar claim is made in Job 24 or in psalms of individual lament (compare Psalm 22:2). The only prayer of those listed above that parallels the form of 1 Enoch 9:4-11 (i.e., with no petition) is Susanna 42-43, which follows Susanna’s initial cry (verse 35) and subsequent condemnation (verses 36–41). Here too there is no petition, only her complaint that God is not acting in keeping with his knowledge of her situation ..."
George W. E. Nickelsburg, A Commentary on the Book of 1 Enoch Chapters 1-36, 81-108 (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2001), 206.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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1 Enoch 9:11 and Susanna 1:42

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