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Sirach

Ben Sira, Ecclesiasticus

About this book

The Joys and Miseries of Life

Chapter 40

1 Great toil is created for every man. A heavy yoke is upon the sons of Adam, from the day of their coming forth from their mother’s womb, until the day for their burial in the mother of all things.⁠ 2 The expectation of things to come, and the day of death, trouble their thoughts, and cause fear in their hearts. 3 From him who sits on a throne of glory, even to him who is humbled in earth and ashes, 4 from him who wears purple and a crown, even to him who is clothed in burlap, 5 there is wrath, jealousy, trouble, unrest, fear of death, anger, and strife. In the time of rest upon his bed, his night sleep changes his knowledge. 6 He gets little or no rest, and afterward in his sleep, as in a day of keeping watch, he is troubled in the vision of his heart, as one who has escaped from the front of battle. 7 In the very time of his deliverance, he awakens, and marvels that the fear is nothing. 8 To all creatures, human and animal, and upon sinners sevenfold more, 9 come death, bloodshed, strife, sword, calamities, famine, suffering, and plague. 10 All these things were created for the wicked, and because of them the flood came. 11 All things that are of the earth turn to the earth again. All things that are of the waters return into the sea.⁠ 12 All bribery and injustice will be blotted out. Good faith will stand forever. 13 The goods of the unjust will be dried up like a river, and like a great thunder in rain will go off in noise. 14 In opening his hands, a man will be made glad; so lawbreakers will utterly fail. 15 The children of the ungodly won’t grow many branches, and are as unhealthy roots on a sheer rock.⁠ 16 The reeds by every water or river bank will be plucked up before all grass. 17 Kindness is like a garden of blessings. Almsgiving endures forever. 18 The life of one who labors and is content will be made sweet. He who finds a treasure is better than both. 19 Children and the building of a city establish a name. A blameless wife is better than both. 20 Wine and music rejoice the heart. The love of wisdom is better than both. 21 The pipe and the lute make pleasant melody. A pleasant tongue is better than both. 22 Your eye desires grace and beauty, but the green shoots of grain more than both. 23 A friend and a companion is always welcome, and a wife with her husband is better than both. 24 Relatives and helpers are for a time of affliction, but almsgiving rescues better than both. 25 Gold and silver will make the foot stand sure, and counsel is esteemed better than both. 26 Riches and strength will lift up the heart. The fear of the Lord is better than both. There is nothing lacking in the fear of the Lord. In it, there is no need to seek help. 27 The fear of the Lord is like a garden of blessing and covers a man more than any glory. 28 My son, don’t lead a beggar’s life. It is better to die than to beg. 29 A man who looks to the table of another, his life is not to be considered a life. He will pollute his soul with another person’s food, but a wise and well-instructed person will beware of that. 30 Begging will be sweet in the mouth of the shameless, but it kindles a fire in his belly.

Texts in conversation

Compare Ecclesiastes 12:7 and Sirach 40:11

Hebrew Bible · Deuterocanon

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Summary

Ecclesiastes describes death as the body returning to dust and the breath returning to God, using imagery based on Genesis. Sirach echoes this perspective, repeating the emphasis of dust and death as a universal experience.

Passages

Ecclesiastes 12:7

Hebrew Bible
5 and they are afraid of heights and the dangers in the street; the almond blossoms grow white, and the grasshopper drags itself along, and the caper berry shrivels up—because man goes to his eternal home, and the mourners go about in the streets— 6 before the silver cord is removed, or the golden bowl is broken, or the pitcher is shattered at the well, or the water wheel is broken at the cistern— 7 and the dust returns to the earth as it was, and the life’s breath returns to God who gave it. 8 “Absolutely futile!” laments the Teacher, “All these things are futile!” 9 Not only was the Teacher wise, but he also taught knowledge to the people; he carefully evaluated and arranged many proverbs.
300–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Ecclesiastes

Sirach 40:11

Deuterocanon · Ben Sira, Ecclesiasticus
8 To all creatures, human and animal, and upon sinners sevenfold more, 9 come death, bloodshed, strife, sword, calamities, famine, suffering, and plague. 10 All these things were created for the wicked, and because of them the flood came. 11 All things that are of the earth turn to the earth again. All things that are of the waters return into the sea. 12 All bribery and injustice will be blotted out. Good faith will stand forever. 13 The goods of the unjust will be dried up like a river, and like a great thunder in rain will go off in noise.
195–180 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Sirach

References

"... Hengel notes that there is a firm belief in an afterlife by the time of Sirach 40:11 and Daniel 12:3, but it is doubted by Qoheleth. Hengel writes, however, “It was easier for this view to be accepted because of earlier OT ideas that the impersonal breath of life breathed into men by God could be taken back again by him (Ecclesiastes 12:7; Psalm 90:3; 104:29; Job 34:14).” Although Qoheleth may be on the verge of such ideas, he does not air them explicitly here. A common comparison of these passages is with Genesis 2:7 - “then the Lord God formed man from the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and the man became a living being.” Although there are conceptual links of Ecclesiastes 3:19–20 with Genesis 2:7, it is the contradictory Ecclesiastes 12:7 that, in my view, has more in common with it. In Ecclesiastes 12:7 a distinction is made between the “dust” that returns to the earth and the “breath” that returns to God, the same distinction found in Genesis 2:7 (life breath). The author of Ecclesiastes remarks that both elements return to their source, a fact from which he derives no comfort. Ecclesiastes 3:20 has more direct links with Genesis 3:19b—“you are dust and to dust you shall return”; compare Job 10:9 in which both the beginning and end of life is referred to as “dust”; Job 34:15; Sirach 40:11; Psalm 104:29–30, and elsewhere in which all life is dependant on the “breath” of God ..."
Katharine J. Dell, Interpreting Ecclesiastes: Readers Old and New, CSHB 3 (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2013), 72–73.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Ecclesiastes 12:7 and Sirach 40:11

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