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Shepherd of Hermas

About this book
Chapter 34

1 “Now listen,” he said, “to how anger works, how evil it is, how it ruins the servants of God by its own actions, and how it leads them away from righteousness. But it does not mislead those who are complete in the faith, nor can it act on them, because the power of the Lord is with them; but it misleads those who are empty and double-minded.⁠ 2 For when it sees such people in prosperity, it sneaks into the person’s heart, and for no reason at all the man or the woman is embittered about worldly affairs—maybe about food, or some small matter, or about some friend, or about giving or receiving, or about trivial things like that. For all these things are foolish and pointless and senseless and not useful for the servants of God. 3 But patience is great and strong, and has steady and vigorous power, and thrives in a spacious place, happy, joyful, free from worry, glorifying the Lord at every moment, having no bitterness in it, staying always gentle and calm. This patience lives with those whose faith is perfect. 4 But anger is, first of all, foolish, fickle, and senseless; from foolishness comes bitterness, from bitterness comes fury, from fury comes rage, from rage comes spite; then spite, made up of all these evil elements, becomes a great and incurable sin. 5 For when all these spirits dwell in one vessel, where the Holy Spirit also dwells, that vessel cannot contain them, but overflows. 6 So the gentle Spirit, since He is not used to living with an evil spirit or with harshness, leaves such a person, and seeks to live with gentleness and peace. 7 Then, when He has left the one in whom He lived, that person is emptied of the righteous Spirit, and from then on, filled with evil spirits, becomes unstable in all actions, dragged back and forth by the evil spirits, and is blinded and robbed of good intention. That is how it happens to all who are angry. 8 So stay away from anger—this most evil of evil spirits. But clothe yourself in patience, and stand against anger and bitterness, and you will be found in fellowship with the holiness that the Lord loves. Be sure never to neglect this commandment; for if you master this commandment, you will also be able to keep the other commandments I am about to give you. Stand firm in them and be empowered; and may all be empowered who wish to walk in them.”

Texts in conversation

Compare James 1:8 and Shepherd of Hermas 34:1

New Testament · Early Christian

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Summary

The Shepherd of Hermas links double-mindedness to anger, teaching that patience can thrive in many situations, but anger undermines stability. This is likely based on James, which describes the double-minded person as unstable in everything they do.

Passages

James 1:8

New Testament
5 But if anyone is deficient in wisdom, he should ask God, who gives to all generously and without reprimand, and it will be given to him. 6 But he must ask in faith without doubting, for the one who doubts is like a wave of the sea, blown and tossed around by the wind. 7 For that person must not suppose that he will receive anything from the Lord, 8 since he is a double-minded individual, unstable in all his ways. 9 Now the believer of humble means should take pride in his high position. 10 But the rich person’s pride should be in his humiliation because he will pass away like a wildflower in the meadow. 11 For the sun rises with its heat and dries up the meadow; the petal of the flower falls off and its beauty is lost forever. So also the rich person in the midst of his pursuits will wither away.
80–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in James

Shepherd of Hermas 34:1

Early Christian
1 “Now listen,” he said, “to how anger works, how evil it is, how it ruins the servants of God by its own actions, and how it leads them away from righteousness. But it does not mislead those who are complete in the faith, nor can it act on them, because the power of the Lord is with them; but it misleads those who are empty and double-minded. 2 For when it sees such people in prosperity, it sneaks into the person’s heart, and for no reason at all the man or the woman is embittered about worldly affairs—maybe about food, or some small matter, or about some friend, or about giving or receiving, or about trivial things like that. For all these things are foolish and pointless and senseless and not useful for the servants of God.
90–140 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Shepherd of Hermas

References

"... One of the most frequent phrases in The Shepherd of Hermas is the Greek adjective δἰψυχος (“doublemindedness”). While the adjective occurs nineteen times, its cognate verb διψυχεῑν (“to be doubleminded”) occurs twenty times and the substantive διψυχἰα (“doubleminded”) occurs in as many as sixteen times. Indeed, the number of the occurrences of this term in The Shepherd is staggering, given the fact that the term occurs only ten times in all the other early Christian writings combined up to this time (that is, in James 1:8; 4:8, Didache 4.4; Baruch 19.5; 1 Clement 11.2; 23.2-3, 2 Clement 11:2; 23.5; 19.2) ... (as Bauckham notes, “It may be noted that in Vision IV δίψυχος is closer to its meaning in James 1:8 and in the prophetic sayings quoted in 1 Clement 23.2 and 2 Clement 11.2 than is usual in Hermas: the danger of becoming doubleminded, i.e. of wavering in faith under the threat of persecution ..."
Jeremiah Mutie, The Identity of the Διψυχος in the Shepherd of Hermas (Faculty Publications and Presentations, 2011), 1–18.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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James 1:8 and Shepherd of Hermas 34:1

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