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Samaritan Leviticus

Samaritan Penteteuch

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Chapter 16

1 And Shema spoke to Moses after the death of the two sons of Aaron, when they came near in the presence of Shema and died.

2 And Shema said to Moses: “Tell Aaron your brother not to come at any time into the holy [place] inside the veil, in front of the ark-cover which is on the ark, so that he does not die. For I will appear in the cloud at the ark-cover. 3 But Aaron shall come in this way into the holy [place]: with a young bull for a sin offering and a ram for a burned offering. 4 And he shall put on the holy linen tunic, and he shall have the linen undergarments on his body, and shall fasten the linen sash around himself and wear the linen turban; these are the holy garments. And he shall bathe all his body in water and put them on.

5 And he shall take from the congregation of the children of Israel two male goats for a sin offering and one ram for a burned offering. 6 And Aaron shall present the bull as the sin offering for himself, and make atonement for himself and for his house. 7 And he shall take the two goats and set them in the presence of Shema at the entrance of the tent of meeting. 8 And Aaron shall cast lots over the two goats, one lot for Shema and the other lot for Azazel.⁠ 9 And Aaron shall present the goat on which the lot fell for Shema and offer him for a sin offering, 10 but he shall set the goat on which the lot fell for Azazel alive in the presence of Shema to make atonement for him, to send him away for Azazel into the wilderness. 11 And Aaron shall present the bull as a sin offering for himself, and shall make atonement for himself and for his house, and shall kill the bull as a sin offering for himself. 12 And he shall take an incense burner full of coals of fire from the altar in the presence of Shema, and his hands full of sweet incense ground fine, and bring it inside the veil. 13 And he shall put the incense on the fire in the presence of Shema, so that the cloud of the incense may cover the ark-cover that is on the testimony, so that he does not die.

14 And he shall take some of the blood of the bull and sprinkle it with his finger toward the ark-cover on the east side, and he shall sprinkle some of the blood with his finger seven times in front of the ark-cover. 15 Then he shall kill the goat of the sin offering that is for the people and bring his blood inside the veil and do with its blood as he did with the blood of the bull, and sprinkle it on the ark-cover and in front of the ark-cover. 16 And he shall make atonement for the holy place, because of the uncleannesses of the children of Israel and because of their transgressions, all their sins. And he shall do the same for the tent of meeting, which stands among them amid their uncleannesses. 17 And there shall be no one in the tent of meeting when he goes in to make atonement in the holy [place] until he comes out and has made atonement for himself and for his house and for all the assembly of Israel. 18 And he shall go out to the altar that is in the presence of Shema and make atonement for it. And he shall take some of the blood of the bull and of the blood of the goat and put it on the horns of the altar all around.

19 And he shall sprinkle some of the blood on it with his finger seven times, and cleanse it, and make holy it from the uncleannesses of the children of Israel. 20 And when he has finished making atonement for the holy place and the tent of meeting and the altar, he shall present the live goat. 21 And Aaron shall lay both his hands on the head of the live goat, and confess over him all the wrongdoings of the children of Israel, and all their transgressions, all their sins; and he shall put them on the head of the goat, and shall send him away with a man who is ready into the wilderness. 22 And the goat shall carry on it all their wrongdoings to an isolated land, and he shall let the goat go in the wilderness. 23 And Aaron shall come into the tent of meeting, and shall take off the linen garments, which he put on when he went into the holy [place], and shall leave them there. 24 And he shall bathe his body in water in a holy place and put on his garments and come out and offer his burned offering and the burned offering of the people and make atonement for himself and for the people. 25 And he shall burn the fat of the sin offering on the altar.

26 And he who lets the goat go to Azazel shall wash his clothes and bathe his body in water, and afterward he shall come into the camp. 27 And he shall carry out of the camp the bull of the sin offering and the goat of the sin offering, whose blood was brought in to make atonement in the holy [place]. And one shall burn their skins and their meat and their dung in the fire. 28 And he who burned them shall wash his clothes and bathe his body in water, and afterward he shall come into the camp. 29 And it shall be a statute to you forever. In the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, you shall practice self-denial, and shall do no kind of work, either the native or the foreigner who lives among you,

30 for on this day atonement shall be made for you to cleanse you; from all your sins you shall be clean in the presence of Shema. 31 It is a Sabbath of complete rest to you, and you shall practice self-denial. It is a statute forever, 32 the priest, who shall be anointed and who shall be consecrated to be priest in his father’s place, shall make the atonement, and shall put on the linen garments, the holy garments. 33 And he shall make atonement for the holy sanctuary, and he shall make atonement for the tent of meeting and for the altar, [and] he shall make atonement for the priests and for all the people of the assembly. 34 And this shall be a statute forever for you, to make atonement for the children of Israel because of all their sins once a year.” And he did as Shema commanded Moses.

Texts in conversation

Compare Leviticus 16:8 and Samaritan Leviticus 16:8

Hebrew Bible · Samaritan

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Summary

In Leviticus, Aaron casts lots to decide which goat is sacrificed to God and which is sent into the wilderness for Azazel. The Samaritan Pentateuch interprets Azazel as an angel of destruction associated with the wilderness.

Passages

Leviticus 16:8

Hebrew Bible
6 Then Aaron is to present the sin-offering bull which is for himself and is to make atonement on behalf of himself and his household. 7 Next he must take the two goats and stand them before the Lord at the entrance of the Meeting Tent, 8 and Aaron is to cast lots over the two goats, one lot for the Lord and one lot for Azazel. 9 Aaron must then present the goat which has been designated by lot for the Lord, and he is to make it a sin offering, 10 but the goat which has been designated by lot for Azazel is to be stood alive before the Lord to make atonement on it by sending it away into the desert to Azazel.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Leviticus

Samaritan Leviticus 16:8

Samaritan · Samaritan Penteteuch
6 And Aaron shall present the bull as the sin offering for himself, and make atonement for himself and for his house. 7 And he shall take the two goats and set them in the presence of Shema at the entrance of the tent of meeting. 8 And Aaron shall cast lots over the two goats, one lot for Shema and the other lot for Azazel. 9 And Aaron shall present the goat on which the lot fell for Shema and offer him for a sin offering, 10 but he shall set the goat on which the lot fell for Azazel alive in the presence of Shema to make atonement for him, to send him away for Azazel into the wilderness.
130–120 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Samaritan Leviticus

References

"... Leviticus 16:8, 10, 26: “Ezaazel” — Name of Angel of Destruction, according to Israelite Samaritan tradition ..."
Benyamim Tsedaka and Sharon Sullivan, eds., The Israelite Samaritan Version of the Torah: First English Translation Compared with the Masoretic Version, trans. Benyamim Tsedaka (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2013), 267.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Leviticus 16:8 and Samaritan Leviticus 16:8

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