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Romans

About this book
Chapter 13

1 Let every person be subject to the governing authorities.⁠ For there is no authority except by God’s appointment,⁠ and the authorities that exist have been instituted by God.⁠ 2 So the person who resists such authority resists the ordinance of God,⁠ and those who resist will incur judgment 3 (for rulers cause no fear for good conduct but for bad). Do you desire not to fear authority? Do good and you will receive its commendation 4 because it is God’s servant for your well-being. But be afraid if you do wrong because government does not bear the sword for nothing. It is God’s servant to administer punishment on the person who does wrong. 5 Therefore it is necessary to be in subjection, not only because of the wrath of the authorities but also because of your conscience. 6 For this reason you also pay taxes, for the authorities are God’s servants devoted to governing.⁠ 7 Pay everyone what is owed: taxes to whom taxes are due, revenue to whom revenue is due, respect to whom respect is due, honor to whom honor is due. 8 Owe no one anything, except to love one another, for the one who loves his neighbor has fulfilled the law.⁠ 9 For the commandments, “Do not commit adultery, do not murder, do not steal, do not covet,” (and if there is any other commandment) are summed up in this, “Love your neighbor as yourself.” 10 Love does no wrong to a neighbor. Therefore love is the fulfillment of the law.⁠ 11 And do this because we know the time, that it is already the hour for us to awake from sleep, for our salvation is now nearer than when we became believers. 12 The night has advanced toward dawn; the day is near. So then we must lay aside the works of darkness, and put on the weapons of light. 13 Let us live decently as in the daytime, not in carousing and drunkenness, not in sexual immorality and sensuality, not in discord and jealousy. 14 Instead, put on the Lord Jesus Christ, and make no provision for the flesh to arouse its desires.

Texts in conversation

Compare Wisdom of Solomon 6:3 and Romans 13:1

Deuterocanon · New Testament

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Summary

Romans 13 says that God establishes governments, a common Jewish view found in the Wisdom of Solomon, which teaches that rulers receive their power from God. Wisdom of Solomon emphasizes judgment for unjust rulers, while Paul emphasizes submission.

Passages

Wisdom of Solomon 6:3

Deuterocanon
1 Hear therefore, you kings, and understand. Learn, you judges of the ends of the earth. 2 Give ear, you rulers who have dominion over many people, and make your boast in multitudes of nations, 3 because your dominion was given to you from the Lord, and your sovereignty from the Most High. He will search out your works, and will inquire about your plans, 4 because being officers of his kingdom, you didn’t judge rightly, nor did you keep the law, nor did you walk according to God’s counsel. 5 He will come upon you dreadfully and swiftly, because a stern judgment comes on those who are in high places. 6 For the man of low estate may be pardoned in mercy, but mighty men will be mightily tested.
50 BCE – 50 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Wisdom of Solomon

Romans 13:1

New Testament
1 Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except by God’s appointment, and the authorities that exist have been instituted by God. 2 So the person who resists such authority resists the ordinance of God, and those who resist will incur judgment 3 (for rulers cause no fear for good conduct but for bad). Do you desire not to fear authority? Do good and you will receive its commendation 4 because it is God’s servant for your well-being. But be afraid if you do wrong because government does not bear the sword for nothing. It is God’s servant to administer punishment on the person who does wrong.
55–58 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Romans

References

"... C. K. Barrett, the English exegete, refuted Cullmann's interpretation of the 'authorities' as angelic, finding rather that Cullmann's view is 'almost the exact opposite of the truth; the "authorities" are the state, appointed by God as a bulwark against demonic powers.' Barrett pointed to Wisdom of Solomon 6:3 and Josephus's Jewish War 2:140 as parallels to Romans 13:1b. Subjection to civil rulers is 'an aspect of the doctrine of providence.' It expressed Paul's eschatology, for the 'restraining power' of the Roman imperial government (2 Thessalonians 2:6-7) 'afforded Christians a peaceful existence and the opportunity of preaching the Gospel' prior to the eschaton ..."
James E. Wood, “The Dialectic of Romans 13:1-7 and Revelation 13: Part One,” Journal of Church and State 18.3 (1976): 433–442.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Wisdom of Solomon 6:3 and Romans 13:1

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