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Biblical Antiquities

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David and Goliath

Chapter 61

1 After these things the Philistines came to fight against Israel. David had returned to the wilderness to feed his sheep, and the Midianites came and would have taken his sheep, and he came down to them and fought against them and killed 15,000 of them. This is the first battle that David fought, while he was in the wilderness. 2 A man came out of the camp of the Philistines named Goliath, and he looked upon Saul and upon Israel and said, “Are you not Saul, who fled before me when I took the ark from you and killed your priests? And now that you reign, will you come down to me like a man and a king and fight against us? If not, I will come to you and cause you to be taken captive, and your people to serve our gods.” When Saul and Israel heard that, they were greatly afraid. The Philistine said, “According to the number of days in which Israel feasted when they received the law in the wilderness, even 4 days, I will reproach them, and after that I will fight with them.” 3 When the 4 days were fulfilled, and David had come to see the battle of his brothers, he heard the words the Philistine spoke and said, “Is this perhaps the time of which God said to me, ‘I will deliver the adversary of my people into your hand by stones’?” 4 Saul heard these words and sent and took him and said, “What was the speech you spoke to the people?” David said, “Do not be afraid, O king, for I will go and fight against the Philistine, and God will take away the hatred and reproach from Israel.” 5 David went forth and took 7 stones and wrote on them the names of his fathers, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, Moses and Aaron, and his own name, and the name of the Most Mighty. And God sent Cervihel, the angel who is over strength. 6 David went forth to Goliath and said to him, “Hear a word before you die. Were not the two women of whom you and I were born sisters? Your mother was Orpha and my mother was Ruth. Orpha chose for herself the gods of the Philistines and went after them, but Ruth chose for herself the ways of the Most Mighty and walked in them. And now you and your brothers are born of Orpha; and as you have risen this day and come to lay Israel waste, I also, who am born of your kindred, have come to avenge my people. For your three brothers also will fall into my hands after your death. And then you will say to your mother, ‘The one born of your sister has not spared us.’” 7 David put a stone in his sling and struck the Philistine in his forehead, and ran upon him and drew his sword out of the sheath and took his head from him. Goliath said to him while his life was still in him, “Hurry and kill me and rejoice.” 8 David said to him, “Before you die, open your eyes and look at your slayer who has killed you.” The Philistine looked and saw the angel and said, “You have not killed me by yourself, but the one who was with you, whose form is not like the form of a man.”⁠ And then David took his head from him. 9 The angel of the Lord lifted up the face of David, and no one recognized him.⁠ When Saul saw David, he asked him who he was, and there was no one who knew who he was.

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 34:29 and Pseudo Philo, Biblical Antiquities 61:9

Hebrew Bible · Classical

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Summary

Pseudo-Philo gives David the luminous transformation that Exodus 34 reserves for Moses. After David kills Goliath, an angel alters his face so no one recognizes him, not even Saul.

Passages

Exodus 34:29

Hebrew Bible
28 So he was there with the Lord 40 days and 40 nights; he did not eat bread, and he did not drink water. He wrote on the tablets the words of the covenant, the Ten Commandments. 29 Now when Moses came down from Mount Sinai with the two tablets of the testimony in his hand—when he came down from the mountain, Moses did not know that the skin of his face shone while he talked with him. 30 When Aaron and all the Israelites saw Moses, the skin of his face shone, and they were afraid to approach him.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Pseudo Philo, Biblical Antiquities 61:9

Classical
8 David said to him, “Before you die, open your eyes and look at your slayer who has killed you.” The Philistine looked and saw the angel and said, “You have not killed me by yourself, but the one who was with you, whose form is not like the form of a man.” And then David took his head from him. 9 The angel of the Lord lifted up the face of David, and no one recognized him. When Saul saw David, he asked him who he was, and there was no one who knew who he was.
1–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Pseudo Philo, Biblical Antiquities

References

“... Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum also sees luminous transformation as a present possibility. In the text, certain righteous individuals experience transformation into light before death. Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum 12:7 describes the shining faces of the Israelites who did not want the golden calf: ‘if he had been forced by fear to consent, his face shone’ (splendebat visus eius). These righteous Israelites were, like Moses, temporarily glorified by radiant countenances. After Kenaz prays about the Amorites, the text states that ‘the spirit of the Lord clothed him’ (27:9) and his body ‘was changed’ (transmutatus - 27:10). Although this is another example of Pseudo-Philo’s use of the non-recognition motif, it could also signify transfiguration into a glorious form. Similarly, the angel of the Lord ‘changed David’s appearance’ (erexit faciem David) after the killing of Goliath (61:9). Pseudo-Philo could well be modeling the stories of these righteous Israelites after that of Moses, whose radiant face rendered him unrecognizable to his people: ‘And when he came down to the sons of Israel, they saw him but did not recognize him’ (Et factum est cum descenderet ad filios Israel, videntes non cognoscebant eum - 12:1). In the case of Moses, non-recognition was due to his luminous transformation ...”
Kristine Johnson Ruffatto, “Visionary Ascents of Moses in Pseudo-Philo's Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum: Apocalyptic Motifs and the Growth of Visionary Moses Tradition” (diss., Marquette University, 2010), 173–174.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 34:29 and Pseudo Philo, Biblical Antiquities 61:9

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