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Exodus

About this book

The Covenant Renewed

Chapter 34

1 The Lord said to Moses, “Cut out two tablets of stone like the first, and I will write on the tablets the words that were on the first tablets, which you smashed.⁠ 2 Be prepared in the morning, and go up in the morning to Mount Sinai, and station yourself for me there on the top of the mountain. 3 No one is to come up with you; do not let anyone be seen anywhere on the mountain;⁠ not even the flocks or the herds may graze in front of that mountain.” 4 So Moses cut out two tablets of stone like the first; early in the morning he went up to Mount Sinai, just as the Lord had commanded him, and he took in his hand the two tablets of stone. 5 The Lord descended in the cloud and stood with him there and proclaimed the Lord by name. 6 The Lord passed by before him and proclaimed: “The Lord, the Lord, the compassionate and gracious God, slow to anger, and abounding in loyal love and faithfulness,⁠ 7 keeping loyal love for thousands, forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin.⁠ But he by no means leaves the guilty unpunished, responding to the transgression of fathers by dealing with children and children’s children, to the third and fourth generation.” 8 Moses quickly bowed to the ground and worshiped 9 and said, “If now I have found favor in your sight, O Lord, let my Lord go among us, for we are a stiff-necked people; pardon our iniquity and our sin, and take us for your inheritance.”⁠ 10 He said, “See, I am going to make a covenant before all your people. I will do wonders such as have not been done in all the earth, nor in any nation. All the people among whom you live will see the work of the Lord, for it is a fearful thing that I am doing with you. 11 “Obey what I am commanding you this day. I am going to drive out before you the Amorite, the Canaanite, the Hittite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite. 12 Be careful not to make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land where you are going, lest it become a snare among you.⁠ 13 Rather you must destroy their altars, smash their images, and cut down their Asherah poles.⁠ 14 For you must not worship any other god, for the Lord, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God. 15 Be careful not to make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land, for when they prostitute themselves to their gods and sacrifice to their gods, and someone invites you, you will eat from his sacrifice; 16 and you then take his daughters for your sons, and when his daughters prostitute themselves to their gods, they will make your sons prostitute themselves to their gods as well. 17 You must not make yourselves molten gods. 18 “You must keep the Feast of Unleavened Bread. For seven days you must eat bread made without yeast, as I commanded you; do this at the appointed time of the month Abib, for in the month Abib you came out of Egypt. 19 “Every firstborn of the womb belongs to me, even every firstborn of your cattle that is a male, whether ox or sheep. 20 Now the firstling of a donkey you may redeem with a lamb, but if you do not redeem it, then break its neck. You must redeem all the firstborn of your sons. “No one will appear before me empty-handed. 21 “On six days you may labor, but on the seventh day you must rest; even at the time of plowing and of harvest you are to rest. 22 “You must observe the Feast of Weeks—the firstfruits of the harvest of wheat—and the Feast of Ingathering at the end of the year. 23 At three times in the year all your men must appear before the Sovereign Lord, the God of Israel. 24 For I will drive out the nations before you and enlarge your borders; no one will covet your land when you go up to appear before the Lord your God three times in the year. 25 “You must not offer the blood of my sacrifice with yeast; the sacrifice from the Feast of Passover must not remain until the following morning. 26 “The first of the firstfruits of your soil you must bring to the house of the Lord your God. “You must not cook a young goat in its mother’s milk.” 27 The Lord said to Moses, “Write down these words, for in accordance with these words I have made a covenant with you and with Israel.”⁠ 28 So he was there with the Lord 40 days and 40 nights; he did not eat bread, and he did not drink water.⁠ He wrote on the tablets the words of the covenant, the Ten Commandments. 29 Now when Moses came down from Mount Sinai⁠ with the two tablets of the testimony in his hand—when he came down from the mountain, Moses did not know that the skin of his face shone⁠ while he talked with him.⁠ 30 When Aaron and all the Israelites saw Moses, the skin of his face shone, and they were afraid to approach him. 31 But Moses called to them, so Aaron and all the leaders of the community came back to him, and Moses spoke to them. 32 After this all the Israelites approached, and he commanded them all that the Lord had spoken to him on Mount Sinai. 33 When Moses finished speaking with them, he would put a veil on his face. 34 But when Moses went in before the Lord to speak with him, he would remove the veil until he came out.⁠ Then he would come out and tell the Israelites what he had been commanded. 35 When the Israelites would see the face of Moses, that the skin of Moses’ face shone, Moses would put the veil on his face again, until he went in to speak with the Lord.

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 34:29 and Pseudo Philo, Biblical Antiquities 61:9

Hebrew Bible · Classical

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Summary

Pseudo-Philo gives David the luminous transformation that Exodus 34 reserves for Moses. After David kills Goliath, an angel alters his face so no one recognizes him, not even Saul.

Passages

Exodus 34:29

Hebrew Bible
28 So he was there with the Lord 40 days and 40 nights; he did not eat bread, and he did not drink water. He wrote on the tablets the words of the covenant, the Ten Commandments. 29 Now when Moses came down from Mount Sinai with the two tablets of the testimony in his hand—when he came down from the mountain, Moses did not know that the skin of his face shone while he talked with him. 30 When Aaron and all the Israelites saw Moses, the skin of his face shone, and they were afraid to approach him.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Pseudo Philo, Biblical Antiquities 61:9

Classical
8 David said to him, “Before you die, open your eyes and look at your slayer who has killed you.” The Philistine looked and saw the angel and said, “You have not killed me by yourself, but the one who was with you, whose form is not like the form of a man.” And then David took his head from him. 9 The angel of the Lord lifted up the face of David, and no one recognized him. When Saul saw David, he asked him who he was, and there was no one who knew who he was.
1–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Pseudo Philo, Biblical Antiquities

References

“... Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum also sees luminous transformation as a present possibility. In the text, certain righteous individuals experience transformation into light before death. Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum 12:7 describes the shining faces of the Israelites who did not want the golden calf: ‘if he had been forced by fear to consent, his face shone’ (splendebat visus eius). These righteous Israelites were, like Moses, temporarily glorified by radiant countenances. After Kenaz prays about the Amorites, the text states that ‘the spirit of the Lord clothed him’ (27:9) and his body ‘was changed’ (transmutatus - 27:10). Although this is another example of Pseudo-Philo’s use of the non-recognition motif, it could also signify transfiguration into a glorious form. Similarly, the angel of the Lord ‘changed David’s appearance’ (erexit faciem David) after the killing of Goliath (61:9). Pseudo-Philo could well be modeling the stories of these righteous Israelites after that of Moses, whose radiant face rendered him unrecognizable to his people: ‘And when he came down to the sons of Israel, they saw him but did not recognize him’ (Et factum est cum descenderet ad filios Israel, videntes non cognoscebant eum - 12:1). In the case of Moses, non-recognition was due to his luminous transformation ...”
Kristine Johnson Ruffatto, “Visionary Ascents of Moses in Pseudo-Philo's Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum: Apocalyptic Motifs and the Growth of Visionary Moses Tradition” (diss., Marquette University, 2010), 173–174.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 34:29 and Pseudo Philo, Biblical Antiquities 61:9

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