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Pseudo Jonathan Numbers

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Chapter 23

And Bileam, as he looked upon them, knew that strange worship was among them, and rejoiced in his heart; and he said to Balak, Build here seven altars, and prepare me here seven bullocks and seven rams. And Balak did as Bileam had said, and Balak and Bileam offered a bullock and a ram upon an altar. And Bileam said to Balak, Stand by thy burnt offering, and I will go, if preadventure the word of the Lord may come to meet me; and the word that shall be discovered to me, that I will declare to thee. And he went, bending as a serpent.⁠ And the Word from before the Lord met with Bileam, who said before Him, The seven altars I have set in order, and have offered a bullock and a ram upon every altar. And the Lord put a word in Bileam's mouth, and said, Return to Balak, and thus speak. And he returned to him, and, behold, he was standing by his burnt‑offering, he and all the nobles of Moab. And he took up the parable of his prophecy, and said: From Aram on Euphrates hath Balak king of the Moabaee brought me; from the mountains of the east come, curse for me the house of Jakob; come, for me make Israel small. How shall I curse, (while) the Word of the Lord blesseth them? and whom shall I diminish, when the Word of the Lord increaseth them? For, said Bileam the wicked, I look on this people who are led on for the sake of their righteous fathers, who are like the mountains, and of their mothers, who are like the hills: behold, this people alone are to possess the world, because they are not led by the laws of the nations.⁠ And when Bileam the sinner beheld the house of Israel, a circumcised people, hidden in the dust of the desert, he said, Who can number the merits of these strong ones, or count the good works of one of the four camps of Israel? Bileam the wicked said: If the house of Israel kill me with the sword, then, it is made known to me, I shall have no portion in the world to come:⁠ nevertheless if I may but die the death of the true! O that my last end may be as the least among them! And Balak said to Bileam, What hast thou done to me? I brought thee to curse my enemies, and, behold, blessing, thou hast blessed them. But he answered and said, That which the Lord hath put in my mouth shall I not be careful to speak? And Balak said to him, Come now with me where thou mayest see him from another place. Thou shalt see only the camp that goeth in his rear, but not all their camps; and curse him for me there. And he brought him to the field of the observatory on the top of the hill, and builded seven altars, and offered a bullock and a ram on every altar. And he said to Balak, Stand thou here by thy burnt offering and I will meet (Him) yonder. And the Word from before the Lord met Bileam, and put a word in his mouth, and said, Return to Balak, and thus speak. And he came to him, and, behold, he was standing by his burnt offering, and the princes of Moab with him. And Balak said to him, What hath the Lord spoken? And he took up the parable of his prophecy, and said: Arise, Balak, and hear; listen to my words, Bar Zippor. The Word of the living God is not as the words of men for the Lord, the Ruler of all worlds, is the unchangeable (but) man speaketh and denieth. Neither are His works like the works of the children of flesh, who consult, and then repent them of what they had decreed. But when the Lord of all worlds hath said, I will multiply this people as the stars of the heavens, and will give them to possess the land of the Kenaanites, is He not able to perform what He hath spoken? and what He hath said, can He not confirm it? Behold, from the mouth of the Holy Word I have received the benediction, and their appointed benediction I cannot restrain from them. Bileam the wicked said, I see not among them of the house of Jakob such as worship idols: they who serve false idols are not established among the tribes of the sons of Israel. The Word of the Lord their God is their help, and the trumpets of the King Meshiha resound among them: Unto Eloha, who redeemed and led them out of Mizraim free, belong power and exaltation, glorification and greatness. They of the house of Jakob who use divination are not establisbed, nor the enchanters, who enchant among the greatness (multitudes) of Israel. At this time it is said to the house of Jakob and Israel, How glorious are the miracles and wonder‑works which God hath wrought! This people reposeth alone, and dwelleth strong as a lion, and reareth himself as an old lion. They sleep not till with great slaughter they have slain their adversaries, and taken the spoils of the slain.And Balak said to Bileam, Neither curse them nor bless them. But Bileam answered and said to Balak, Did I not tell thee at the beginning, Whatsoever the Lord speaketh, that must I do? And Balak said to Bileam, Come, and I will now take thee to another place, if so be it may be pleasing before the Lord, that thou mayest curse him for me from thence. And Balak led Bileam to the high place of the prospect which looketh toward Beth Jeshimoth. And Bileam said to Balak, Erect here for me seven altars, and prepare me seven bullocks and seven rams. And Balak did as Bileam had said, and offered a bullock and a ram upon every altar.

Texts in conversation

Compare Numbers 23:9 and Philo, On the Life of Moses 1.278 and Pseudo Jonathan Numbers 23:9

Hebrew Bible · Classical · Targum

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Summary

In Numbers 23, Balaam calls Israel a nation that lives alone. Philo explains that they are set apart by their customs, an idea not found in the Hebrew or the Greek Septuagint translation but found in the Aramaic translation in Targum Pseudo-Jonathan.

Passages

Numbers 23:9

Hebrew Bible
8 How can I curse one whom God has not cursed, or how can I denounce one whom the Lord has not denounced? 9 For from the top of the rocks I see them; from the hills I watch them. Indeed, a nation that lives alone, and it will not be reckoned among the nations. 10 Who can count the dust of Jacob, or number the fourth part of Israel? Let me die the death of the upright, and let the end of my life be like theirs.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Numbers

Philo, On the Life of Moses 1.278

Classical
278 and spoke prophetically as follows: "Balak has sent for me from Mesopotamia, having caused me to take a long journey from the east, so that he might chastise the Hebrews by means of curses. But how shall I be able to curse those whom God has not cursed? For I shall see them with my eyes from the loftiest mountains, and I shall see them with my mind; and I shall never be able to harm the people that shall dwell alone, not counted among the other nations, not because of any inheritance of particular places or any allotment of lands, but because of the distinctive nature of their remarkable customs, as they will never mingle with any other nation so as to depart from their national and ancestral ways.

Pseudo Jonathan Numbers 23:9

Targum
And he took up the parable of his prophecy, and said: From Aram on Euphrates hath Balak king of the Moabaee brought me; from the mountains of the east come, curse for me the house of Jakob; come, for me make Israel small. How shall I curse, (while) the Word of the Lord blesseth them? and whom shall I diminish, when the Word of the Lord increaseth them? For, said Bileam the wicked, I look on this people who are led on for the sake of their righteous fathers, who are like the mountains, and of their mothers, who are like the hills: behold, this people alone are to possess the world, because they are not led by the laws of the nations.
300–1200 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Pseudo Jonathan Numbers

References

“... Examination of the substance of Balaam’s three oracles shows that Philo is familiar with traditions of Jewish exegesis preserved in the Aramaic Targums. Here we can discuss only a selection of those germane to the task in hand. Thus in the first oracle Balaam declares of Israel: Behold, the people shall dwell alone, and shall not be reckoned among the nations. (Num. 23:9) Philo recasts this as follows to speak of . . . a people which shall dwell on its own, not numbered with other nations—not because they dwell at random, nor because of the segregation of their lands (from those of others), but because of the distinctive character of their special customs—not being mixed with others so as to change the customs of their forefathers. (Vit. Mos. I. 278) This owes little to LXX, who remained close to the original Hebrew; but it recalls FTP and FTV (cf. also TN): Behold, these people encamp on their own, and do not mix themselves with the laws [...] of the nations. ...”
C. T. R. Hayward, Targums and the Transmission of Scripture into Judaism and Christianity, SAIS 10 (Leiden: Brill, 2010), 40.
“... 9. Lo, a people dwelling alone, not reckoned among the nations. Targum Onkelos expands this verse into the hope that Israel, though oppressed, will eventually possess the world, and never be condemned to destruction by the nations. There is no mention of Israel's destruction in the Palestinian Targums, but of her protection against the infiltration of pagan customs, a major preoccupation of both Palestine and the Diaspora. They shall not bind themselves to the laws [...] of the nations. 2TJ. They shall not be guided by the laws of the nations. 1TJ. PHILO gives a similar interpretation: But I shall not be able to harm the people, which shall dwell alone, not reckoned among other nations; and that, not because their dwelling place is set apart and their land severed from others, but because in virtue of the distinction of their peculiar customs they do not mix with others to depart from the ways of their fathers. VM, l. § 278. ...”
Geza Vermes, Scripture and Tradition in Judaism: Haggadic Studies (Leiden: Brill, 1961), 146.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Numbers 23:9 and Philo, On the Life of Moses 1.278 and Pseudo Jonathan Numbers 23:9

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