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Numbers

About this book
Chapter 23

1 Balaam said to Balak, “Build me seven altars here, and prepare for me here seven bulls and seven rams.” 2 So Balak did just as Balaam had said. Balak and Balaam then offered on each altar a bull and a ram. 3 Balaam said to Balak, “Station yourself by your burnt offering, and I will go off; perhaps the Lord will come to meet me, and whatever he reveals to me I will tell you.” Then he went to a deserted height.⁠ 4 Then God met Balaam, who said to him, “I have prepared seven altars, and I have offered on each altar a bull and a ram.” 5 Then the Lord put a message in Balaam’s mouth and said, “Return to Balak, and speak what I tell you.” 6 So he returned to him, and he was still standing by his burnt offering, he and all the princes of Moab. 7 Then Balaam uttered his oracle, saying, “Balak, the king of Moab, brought me from Aram, out of the mountains of the east, saying, ‘Come, pronounce a curse on Jacob for me; come, denounce Israel.’ 8 How can I curse one whom God has not cursed, or how can I denounce one whom the Lord has not denounced? 9 For from the top of the rocks I see them; from the hills I watch them. Indeed, a nation that lives alone, and it will not be reckoned among the nations.⁠ 10 Who can count the dust of Jacob, or number the fourth part of Israel?⁠ Let me die the death of the upright,⁠ and let the end of my life be like theirs.” 11 Then Balak said to Balaam, “What have you done to me? I brought you to curse my enemies, but on the contrary you have only blessed them!” 12 Balaam replied, “Must I not be careful to speak what the Lord has put in my mouth?” 13 Balak said to him, “Please come with me to another place from which you can observe them. You will see only a part of them, but you will not see all of them. Curse them for me from there.” 14 So Balak brought Balaam to the field of Zophim, to the top of Pisgah, where he built seven altars and offered a bull and a ram on each altar. 15 And Balaam said to Balak, “Station yourself here by your burnt offering, while I meet the Lord there.” 16 Then the Lord met Balaam and put a message in his mouth and said, “Return to Balak, and speak what I tell you.” 17 When Balaam came to him, he was still standing by his burnt offering, along with the princes of Moab. And Balak said to him, “What has the Lord spoken?” 18 Balaam uttered his oracle, and said, “Rise up, Balak, and hear; Listen to me, son of Zippor: 19 God is not a man, that he should lie, nor a human being, that he should change his mind.⁠ Has he said, and will he not do it? Or has he spoken, and will he not make it happen? 20 Indeed, I have received a command to bless; he has blessed, and I cannot reverse it. 21 He has not looked on iniquity in Jacob, nor has he seen trouble in Israel.⁠ The Lord their God is with them; his acclamation as king is among them. 22 God brought them out of Egypt. They have, as it were, the strength of a wild bull.⁠ 23 For there is no spell against Jacob, nor is there any divination against Israel. At this time it must be said of Jacob and of Israel, ‘Look at what God has done!’ 24 Indeed, the people will rise up like a lioness, and like a lion raises himself up; they will not lie down until they eat their prey, and drink the blood of the slain.”⁠ 25 Balak said to Balaam, “Neither curse them at all nor bless them at all!” 26 But Balaam replied to Balak, “Did I not tell you, ‘All that the Lord speaks, I must do’?” 27 Balak said to Balaam, “Come, please; I will take you to another place. Perhaps it will please God to let you curse them for me from there.” 28 So Balak took Balaam to the top of Peor, that looks toward the wastelands. 29 Then Balaam said to Balak, “Build seven altars here for me, and prepare seven bulls and seven rams.” 30 So Balak did as Balaam had said, and offered a bull and a ram on each altar.

Texts in conversation

Compare Numbers 23:9 and Philo, On the Life of Moses 1.278 and Pseudo Jonathan Numbers 23:9

Hebrew Bible · Classical · Targum

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Summary

In Numbers 23, Balaam calls Israel a nation that lives alone. Philo explains that they are set apart by their customs, an idea not found in the Hebrew or the Greek Septuagint translation but found in the Aramaic translation in Targum Pseudo-Jonathan.

Passages

Numbers 23:9

Hebrew Bible
8 How can I curse one whom God has not cursed, or how can I denounce one whom the Lord has not denounced? 9 For from the top of the rocks I see them; from the hills I watch them. Indeed, a nation that lives alone, and it will not be reckoned among the nations. 10 Who can count the dust of Jacob, or number the fourth part of Israel? Let me die the death of the upright, and let the end of my life be like theirs.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Numbers

Philo, On the Life of Moses 1.278

Classical
278 and spoke prophetically as follows: "Balak has sent for me from Mesopotamia, having caused me to take a long journey from the east, so that he might chastise the Hebrews by means of curses. But how shall I be able to curse those whom God has not cursed? For I shall see them with my eyes from the loftiest mountains, and I shall see them with my mind; and I shall never be able to harm the people that shall dwell alone, not counted among the other nations, not because of any inheritance of particular places or any allotment of lands, but because of the distinctive nature of their remarkable customs, as they will never mingle with any other nation so as to depart from their national and ancestral ways.

Pseudo Jonathan Numbers 23:9

Targum
And he took up the parable of his prophecy, and said: From Aram on Euphrates hath Balak king of the Moabaee brought me; from the mountains of the east come, curse for me the house of Jakob; come, for me make Israel small. How shall I curse, (while) the Word of the Lord blesseth them? and whom shall I diminish, when the Word of the Lord increaseth them? For, said Bileam the wicked, I look on this people who are led on for the sake of their righteous fathers, who are like the mountains, and of their mothers, who are like the hills: behold, this people alone are to possess the world, because they are not led by the laws of the nations.
300–1200 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Pseudo Jonathan Numbers

References

“... Examination of the substance of Balaam’s three oracles shows that Philo is familiar with traditions of Jewish exegesis preserved in the Aramaic Targums. Here we can discuss only a selection of those germane to the task in hand. Thus in the first oracle Balaam declares of Israel: Behold, the people shall dwell alone, and shall not be reckoned among the nations. (Num. 23:9) Philo recasts this as follows to speak of . . . a people which shall dwell on its own, not numbered with other nations—not because they dwell at random, nor because of the segregation of their lands (from those of others), but because of the distinctive character of their special customs—not being mixed with others so as to change the customs of their forefathers. (Vit. Mos. I. 278) This owes little to LXX, who remained close to the original Hebrew; but it recalls FTP and FTV (cf. also TN): Behold, these people encamp on their own, and do not mix themselves with the laws [...] of the nations. ...”
C. T. R. Hayward, Targums and the Transmission of Scripture into Judaism and Christianity, SAIS 10 (Leiden: Brill, 2010), 40.
“... 9. Lo, a people dwelling alone, not reckoned among the nations. Targum Onkelos expands this verse into the hope that Israel, though oppressed, will eventually possess the world, and never be condemned to destruction by the nations. There is no mention of Israel's destruction in the Palestinian Targums, but of her protection against the infiltration of pagan customs, a major preoccupation of both Palestine and the Diaspora. They shall not bind themselves to the laws [...] of the nations. 2TJ. They shall not be guided by the laws of the nations. 1TJ. PHILO gives a similar interpretation: But I shall not be able to harm the people, which shall dwell alone, not reckoned among other nations; and that, not because their dwelling place is set apart and their land severed from others, but because in virtue of the distinction of their peculiar customs they do not mix with others to depart from the ways of their fathers. VM, l. § 278. ...”
Geza Vermes, Scripture and Tradition in Judaism: Haggadic Studies (Leiden: Brill, 1961), 146.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Numbers 23:9 and Philo, On the Life of Moses 1.278 and Pseudo Jonathan Numbers 23:9

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