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Pseudo Jonathan Numbers

About this book
Chapter 23

And Bileam, as he looked upon them, knew that strange worship was among them, and rejoiced in his heart; and he said to Balak, Build here seven altars, and prepare me here seven bullocks and seven rams. And Balak did as Bileam had said, and Balak and Bileam offered a bullock and a ram upon an altar. And Bileam said to Balak, Stand by thy burnt offering, and I will go, if preadventure the word of the Lord may come to meet me; and the word that shall be discovered to me, that I will declare to thee. And he went, bending as a serpent.⁠ And the Word from before the Lord met with Bileam, who said before Him, The seven altars I have set in order, and have offered a bullock and a ram upon every altar. And the Lord put a word in Bileam's mouth, and said, Return to Balak, and thus speak. And he returned to him, and, behold, he was standing by his burnt‑offering, he and all the nobles of Moab. And he took up the parable of his prophecy, and said: From Aram on Euphrates hath Balak king of the Moabaee brought me; from the mountains of the east come, curse for me the house of Jakob; come, for me make Israel small. How shall I curse, (while) the Word of the Lord blesseth them? and whom shall I diminish, when the Word of the Lord increaseth them? For, said Bileam the wicked, I look on this people who are led on for the sake of their righteous fathers, who are like the mountains, and of their mothers, who are like the hills: behold, this people alone are to possess the world, because they are not led by the laws of the nations.⁠ And when Bileam the sinner beheld the house of Israel, a circumcised people, hidden in the dust of the desert, he said, Who can number the merits of these strong ones, or count the good works of one of the four camps of Israel? Bileam the wicked said: If the house of Israel kill me with the sword, then, it is made known to me, I shall have no portion in the world to come:⁠ nevertheless if I may but die the death of the true! O that my last end may be as the least among them! And Balak said to Bileam, What hast thou done to me? I brought thee to curse my enemies, and, behold, blessing, thou hast blessed them. But he answered and said, That which the Lord hath put in my mouth shall I not be careful to speak? And Balak said to him, Come now with me where thou mayest see him from another place. Thou shalt see only the camp that goeth in his rear, but not all their camps; and curse him for me there. And he brought him to the field of the observatory on the top of the hill, and builded seven altars, and offered a bullock and a ram on every altar. And he said to Balak, Stand thou here by thy burnt offering and I will meet (Him) yonder. And the Word from before the Lord met Bileam, and put a word in his mouth, and said, Return to Balak, and thus speak. And he came to him, and, behold, he was standing by his burnt offering, and the princes of Moab with him. And Balak said to him, What hath the Lord spoken? And he took up the parable of his prophecy, and said: Arise, Balak, and hear; listen to my words, Bar Zippor. The Word of the living God is not as the words of men for the Lord, the Ruler of all worlds, is the unchangeable (but) man speaketh and denieth. Neither are His works like the works of the children of flesh, who consult, and then repent them of what they had decreed. But when the Lord of all worlds hath said, I will multiply this people as the stars of the heavens, and will give them to possess the land of the Kenaanites, is He not able to perform what He hath spoken? and what He hath said, can He not confirm it? Behold, from the mouth of the Holy Word I have received the benediction, and their appointed benediction I cannot restrain from them. Bileam the wicked said, I see not among them of the house of Jakob such as worship idols: they who serve false idols are not established among the tribes of the sons of Israel. The Word of the Lord their God is their help, and the trumpets of the King Meshiha resound among them: Unto Eloha, who redeemed and led them out of Mizraim free, belong power and exaltation, glorification and greatness. They of the house of Jakob who use divination are not establisbed, nor the enchanters, who enchant among the greatness (multitudes) of Israel. At this time it is said to the house of Jakob and Israel, How glorious are the miracles and wonder‑works which God hath wrought! This people reposeth alone, and dwelleth strong as a lion, and reareth himself as an old lion. They sleep not till with great slaughter they have slain their adversaries, and taken the spoils of the slain.And Balak said to Bileam, Neither curse them nor bless them. But Bileam answered and said to Balak, Did I not tell thee at the beginning, Whatsoever the Lord speaketh, that must I do? And Balak said to Bileam, Come, and I will now take thee to another place, if so be it may be pleasing before the Lord, that thou mayest curse him for me from thence. And Balak led Bileam to the high place of the prospect which looketh toward Beth Jeshimoth. And Bileam said to Balak, Erect here for me seven altars, and prepare me seven bullocks and seven rams. And Balak did as Bileam had said, and offered a bullock and a ram upon every altar.

Texts in conversation

Compare Numbers 23:10 and Philo, On the Life of Moses 1.279 and Pseudo Jonathan Numbers 23:10

Hebrew Bible · Classical · Targum

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Summary

In Numbers 23, Balaam wishes to die the death of the righteous. In Philo, he hopes his soul will be with the righteous after death, but in the Aramaic translation in Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, he says he will lose the world to come if Israel kills him.

Passages

Numbers 23:10

Hebrew Bible
9 For from the top of the rocks I see them; from the hills I watch them. Indeed, a nation that lives alone, and it will not be reckoned among the nations. 10 Who can count the dust of Jacob, or number the fourth part of Israel? Let me die the death of the upright, and let the end of my life be like theirs.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Numbers

Philo, On the Life of Moses 1.279

Classical
279 Who has ever accurately traced the first origin and birth of these people? Their bodies, indeed, may have been fashioned according to human means of propagation; but their souls have been brought forth by divine agency, and so they are nearly related to God. May my soul die to the life of the body, so that it may be remembered among the souls of the righteous, like the souls of these men."

Pseudo Jonathan Numbers 23:10

Targum
And when Bileam the sinner beheld the house of Israel, a circumcised people, hidden in the dust of the desert, he said, Who can number the merits of these strong ones, or count the good works of one of the four camps of Israel? Bileam the wicked said: If the house of Israel kill me with the sword, then, it is made known to me, I shall have no portion in the world to come: nevertheless if I may but die the death of the true! O that my last end may be as the least among them! And Balak said to Bileam, What hast thou done to me? I brought thee to curse my enemies, and, behold, blessing, thou hast blessed them.
300–1200 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Pseudo Jonathan Numbers

References

“... 10. May my soul die the death of the righteous, and my end be like his. Balaam hoped to share in the destiny of Israel. The Vulgate accepts the literal meaning of the text, and so also does the Septuagint, except that it interprets the second half of the verse as, "and let my seed be like theirs". Palestinian tradition does not allow this wish to pass without pronouncing impossible its fulfilment. If these Israelites kill him with the sword, Balaam himself announces that he will have no place in a future life. But should he die the death of the righteous, his end might resemble the end of the least among them. 2TJ. If the house of Israel kills me with the sword, I have already said that I shall have no part in a future life. But if I die the death of the righteous, let my end resemble that of the least among them. 1TJ. PHILO, believing in the immortality of the souls of the just, paraphrases the verse: May my soul die to the life of the body that it may be reckoned among the souls of the just, even such as are the souls of these men. VM, l. §279. ...”
Geza Vermes, Scripture and Tradition in Judaism: Haggadic Studies (Leiden: Brill, 1961), 147–148.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Numbers 23:10 and Philo, On the Life of Moses 1.279 and Pseudo Jonathan Numbers 23:10

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