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Numbers

About this book
Chapter 23

1 Balaam said to Balak, “Build me seven altars here, and prepare for me here seven bulls and seven rams.” 2 So Balak did just as Balaam had said. Balak and Balaam then offered on each altar a bull and a ram. 3 Balaam said to Balak, “Station yourself by your burnt offering, and I will go off; perhaps the Lord will come to meet me, and whatever he reveals to me I will tell you.” Then he went to a deserted height.⁠ 4 Then God met Balaam, who said to him, “I have prepared seven altars, and I have offered on each altar a bull and a ram.” 5 Then the Lord put a message in Balaam’s mouth and said, “Return to Balak, and speak what I tell you.” 6 So he returned to him, and he was still standing by his burnt offering, he and all the princes of Moab. 7 Then Balaam uttered his oracle, saying, “Balak, the king of Moab, brought me from Aram, out of the mountains of the east, saying, ‘Come, pronounce a curse on Jacob for me; come, denounce Israel.’ 8 How can I curse one whom God has not cursed, or how can I denounce one whom the Lord has not denounced? 9 For from the top of the rocks I see them; from the hills I watch them. Indeed, a nation that lives alone, and it will not be reckoned among the nations.⁠ 10 Who can count the dust of Jacob, or number the fourth part of Israel?⁠ Let me die the death of the upright,⁠ and let the end of my life be like theirs.” 11 Then Balak said to Balaam, “What have you done to me? I brought you to curse my enemies, but on the contrary you have only blessed them!” 12 Balaam replied, “Must I not be careful to speak what the Lord has put in my mouth?” 13 Balak said to him, “Please come with me to another place from which you can observe them. You will see only a part of them, but you will not see all of them. Curse them for me from there.” 14 So Balak brought Balaam to the field of Zophim, to the top of Pisgah, where he built seven altars and offered a bull and a ram on each altar. 15 And Balaam said to Balak, “Station yourself here by your burnt offering, while I meet the Lord there.” 16 Then the Lord met Balaam and put a message in his mouth and said, “Return to Balak, and speak what I tell you.” 17 When Balaam came to him, he was still standing by his burnt offering, along with the princes of Moab. And Balak said to him, “What has the Lord spoken?” 18 Balaam uttered his oracle, and said, “Rise up, Balak, and hear; Listen to me, son of Zippor: 19 God is not a man, that he should lie, nor a human being, that he should change his mind.⁠ Has he said, and will he not do it? Or has he spoken, and will he not make it happen? 20 Indeed, I have received a command to bless; he has blessed, and I cannot reverse it. 21 He has not looked on iniquity in Jacob, nor has he seen trouble in Israel.⁠ The Lord their God is with them; his acclamation as king is among them. 22 God brought them out of Egypt. They have, as it were, the strength of a wild bull.⁠ 23 For there is no spell against Jacob, nor is there any divination against Israel. At this time it must be said of Jacob and of Israel, ‘Look at what God has done!’ 24 Indeed, the people will rise up like a lioness, and like a lion raises himself up; they will not lie down until they eat their prey, and drink the blood of the slain.”⁠ 25 Balak said to Balaam, “Neither curse them at all nor bless them at all!” 26 But Balaam replied to Balak, “Did I not tell you, ‘All that the Lord speaks, I must do’?” 27 Balak said to Balaam, “Come, please; I will take you to another place. Perhaps it will please God to let you curse them for me from there.” 28 So Balak took Balaam to the top of Peor, that looks toward the wastelands. 29 Then Balaam said to Balak, “Build seven altars here for me, and prepare seven bulls and seven rams.” 30 So Balak did as Balaam had said, and offered a bull and a ram on each altar.

Texts in conversation

Compare Numbers 23:10 and Philo, On the Life of Moses 1.279 and Pseudo Jonathan Numbers 23:10

Hebrew Bible · Classical · Targum

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Summary

In Numbers 23, Balaam wishes to die the death of the righteous. In Philo, he hopes his soul will be with the righteous after death, but in the Aramaic translation in Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, he says he will lose the world to come if Israel kills him.

Passages

Numbers 23:10

Hebrew Bible
9 For from the top of the rocks I see them; from the hills I watch them. Indeed, a nation that lives alone, and it will not be reckoned among the nations. 10 Who can count the dust of Jacob, or number the fourth part of Israel? Let me die the death of the upright, and let the end of my life be like theirs.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Numbers

Philo, On the Life of Moses 1.279

Classical
279 Who has ever accurately traced the first origin and birth of these people? Their bodies, indeed, may have been fashioned according to human means of propagation; but their souls have been brought forth by divine agency, and so they are nearly related to God. May my soul die to the life of the body, so that it may be remembered among the souls of the righteous, like the souls of these men."

Pseudo Jonathan Numbers 23:10

Targum
And when Bileam the sinner beheld the house of Israel, a circumcised people, hidden in the dust of the desert, he said, Who can number the merits of these strong ones, or count the good works of one of the four camps of Israel? Bileam the wicked said: If the house of Israel kill me with the sword, then, it is made known to me, I shall have no portion in the world to come: nevertheless if I may but die the death of the true! O that my last end may be as the least among them! And Balak said to Bileam, What hast thou done to me? I brought thee to curse my enemies, and, behold, blessing, thou hast blessed them.
300–1200 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Pseudo Jonathan Numbers

References

“... 10. May my soul die the death of the righteous, and my end be like his. Balaam hoped to share in the destiny of Israel. The Vulgate accepts the literal meaning of the text, and so also does the Septuagint, except that it interprets the second half of the verse as, "and let my seed be like theirs". Palestinian tradition does not allow this wish to pass without pronouncing impossible its fulfilment. If these Israelites kill him with the sword, Balaam himself announces that he will have no place in a future life. But should he die the death of the righteous, his end might resemble the end of the least among them. 2TJ. If the house of Israel kills me with the sword, I have already said that I shall have no part in a future life. But if I die the death of the righteous, let my end resemble that of the least among them. 1TJ. PHILO, believing in the immortality of the souls of the just, paraphrases the verse: May my soul die to the life of the body that it may be reckoned among the souls of the just, even such as are the souls of these men. VM, l. §279. ...”
Geza Vermes, Scripture and Tradition in Judaism: Haggadic Studies (Leiden: Brill, 1961), 147–148.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Numbers 23:10 and Philo, On the Life of Moses 1.279 and Pseudo Jonathan Numbers 23:10

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