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Pseudo Jonathan Numbers

About this book
Chapter 20

And the whole congregation of the children of Israel came to the desert of Zin on the tenth day of the month Nisan. And Miriam died there, and was buried there.⁠ And as on account of the innocency of Miriam a well had been given, so when she died the well was hidden, and the congregation had no water. And they gathered against Mosheh and Aharon, and the people contended with Mosheh, and said, Would that we had died when our brethren died before the Lord! And why hast thou brought the congregation of the Lord into this desert, that we and our cattle may die here? And why didst thou make us come up out of Mizraim., to bring us to this evil place, a place which is not fit for sowing, or for planting fig trees, or vines, or pomegranates, and where there is no water to drink? And Mosheh and Aharon went from the face of the murmuring congregation to the door of the tabernacle of ordinance, and bowed upon their faces, and the Glory of the Lord's Shekinah was revealed to them. And the Lord spake with Mosheh, saying: Take the rod of the miracles, and gather the congregation, thou, and Aharon thy brother, and both of you adjure the rock, by the Great and manifested Name, while they look on, and it shall give forth its waters: but if it refuse to bring forth, smite thou it once with the rod that is in thy hand, and thou wilt bring out water for them from the rock, that the congregation and their cattle may drink. And Mosheh took the rod of the miracles from before the Lord, as he had commanded him. And Mosheh and Aharon gathered the congregation together before the rock. And Mosheh said to them, Hear now, rebels: is it possible for us to bring forth water for you from this rock? And Mosheh lifted up his hand, and with his rod struck the rock two times: at the first time it dropped blood; but at the second time there came forth a multitude of waters.⁠ And the congregation and their cattle drank. But the Lord spake to Mosheh and Aharon with the oath, Because ye have not believed in My Word, to sanctify Me in the sight of the children of Israel, therefore you shall not bring this congregation into the land that I will give them. These are the Waters of Contention, where the sons of Israel contended before the Lord on account of the well that had been hidden; and He was sanctified in them, in Mosheh and Aharon, when (the waters) were given to them. Then Mosheh sent messengers from Rekem unto the king of Edom, saying, Thus saith thy brother Israel. Thou hast known all the trouble that hath found us; that our fathers went down into Mizraim and dwelt in Mizraim many days, and the Mizraee afflicted us and our fathers. And we prayed before the Lord, who heard our prayers, and sent one of the ministering angels to lead us out of Mizraim: and, behold, we are in Rekem, a city built on the side of thy border. Let us now pass through thy land: we will not seduce virgins, nor carry off the betrothed, nor commit adultery: on the king's highway, under the heavens, we will go forward, and turn not to the right or to the left, to do any injury in the public way while we pass through thy border. But Edomea answered him, You shall not go through my coast, lest I come to meet thee with the unsheathed sword. And Israel said to him, We would go by the king's highway; if we drink thy waters, I and my cattle, I will give thee the price of their value. I will only pass through, without doing wrong. But he said, You shall not pass through. And Edomea came out to meet him with a large army and with a strong hand. So Edomea would not suffer Israel to pass through his coast; and Israel turned away from him, because it was commanded from before the Word of the Heavens that they should not set battle in array against them, forasmuch as the time was not yet come when the punishment of Edom should be given into their hands. And the whole congregation of the children of Israel journeyed from Rekem, and came unto Mount Umanom. And the Lord spake unto Mosheh in the Mount Umanom, on the coast of the land of Edom, saying: Aharon shall be gathered unto his people; for he shall not enter into the land which I have given unto the children of Israel, because you were rebels against My Word at the Waters of Contention. Take Aharon and Elazar his son, and make them come up to Mount Umanom. And thou shalt strip Aharon of his vestments, the adornment (glory) of the priesthood, and put them on Elazar his son; but Aharon shall be gathered, and die there. And Mosheh did as the Lord commanded him. And they ascended Mount Umanom, in the view of all the congregation. And Mosheh stripped Aharon of his vestments, the priestly decoration, and put them on Elazar his son; and Aharon died there on the summit of the mountain and Mosheh and Elazar came down from the mount. And when the soul of Aharon was at rest, the Cloud of Glory was lifted up on the first day of the month Ab; and all the congregation beheld Mosheh come down from the mountain with rent garments; and he wept and said, Woe unto me, for thee, my brother Aharon, the pillar of Israel's prayers! And they too wept for Aharon thirty days, the men and the women of Israel.

Texts in conversation

Compare Numbers 20:11 and Pseudo Jonathan Numbers 20:11

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Numbers shows Moses striking the rock twice causing water to flow abundantly. The Aramaic translation in Targum Pseudo-Jonathan connects this to Exodus 4 where water turns into blood, perhaps to connect it to other Jewish traditions of water and blood.

Passages

Numbers 20:11

Hebrew Bible
9 So Moses took the staff from before the Lord, just as he commanded him. 10 Then Moses and Aaron gathered the community together in front of the rock, and he said to them, “Listen, you rebels, must we bring water out of this rock for you?” 11 Then Moses raised his hand, and struck the rock twice with his staff. And water came out abundantly. So the community drank, and their beasts drank too. 12 Then the Lord spoke to Moses and Aaron, “Because you did not trust me enough to show me as holy before the Israelites, therefore you will not bring this community into the land I have given them.” 13 These are the waters of Meribah, because the Israelites contended with the Lord, and his holiness was maintained among them.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Numbers

Pseudo Jonathan Numbers 20:11

Targum
And Mosheh took the rod of the miracles from before the Lord, as he had commanded him. And Mosheh and Aharon gathered the congregation together before the rock. And Mosheh said to them, Hear now, rebels: is it possible for us to bring forth water for you from this rock? And Mosheh lifted up his hand, and with his rod struck the rock two times: at the first time it dropped blood; but at the second time there came forth a multitude of waters. And the congregation and their cattle drank. But the Lord spake to Mosheh and Aharon with the oath, Because ye have not believed in My Word, to sanctify Me in the sight of the children of Israel, therefore you shall not bring this congregation into the land that I will give them.
300–1200 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Pseudo Jonathan Numbers

References

"... John 19:34b ... Water cleanses Pilate, while blood placates the mob, pronounces Cyril of Jerusalem. For Augustine the blood, as the seed of the Church, is prefigured by the extraction of Eve from Adam’s side, and also by the door in the side of the Ark. Romanus hints that it purges the sin to which Eve incited Adam. Since blood and water are equally miraculous, Theophylact denounces those who refuse to mingle water with wine in the eucharist (Aquinas 1997: 589). Daisenberger rejoices that the spear thrust opened the heart of Christ; Julian of Norwich avers that it created a space in which the world can stand, and that the flowing wound suckles us like mother’s milk. Crashaw celebrates the wounds that hastened the Resurrection, ‘With blush of thine own Blood thy day adorning’ (1927: 245). Even Marlowe’s Faustus derives vain hope from a vision of Christ’s blood ‘in the firmament’ (1955: 157). Cowper traces this ‘fountain filled with blood’ to Zech 13:1 (Lindars notes that Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Numbers links the miracle at Numbers 20:11 to the transformation of water into blood at Exodus 4:9). J. Lightfoot compares a rabbinic statement that the rock of Moses gushed out blood and water. 1 John 5:6 remembers that Christ came ‘not only by water but by blood’; Ignatius declares that the blood ‘purified the waters’. According to the Golden Legend it cleansed the skull of Adam, which was buried beneath the Mount. To Hoskyns the double flood prefigures the benefits received by one who is born again of water and the Spirit (3:3–5) and drinks the blood of the Son of Man (6:53–6) ..."
M. J. Edwards, Blackwell Bible Commentary: John (Blackwell, 2004), 185–186.

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