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Numbers

About this book
Chapter 20

1 Then the entire community of Israel entered the wilderness of Zin in the first month, and the people stayed in Kadesh. Miriam died and was buried there.⁠ 2 And there was no water for the community, and so they gathered themselves together against Moses and Aaron. 3 The people contended with Moses, saying, “If only we had died when our brothers died before the Lord! 4 Why have you brought up the Lord’s community into this wilderness? So that we and our cattle should die here? 5 Why have you brought us up from Egypt only to bring us to this dreadful place? It is no place for grain, or figs, or vines, or pomegranates; nor is there any water to drink!” 6 So Moses and Aaron went from the presence of the assembly to the entrance to the tent of meeting. They then threw themselves down with their faces to the ground, and the glory of the Lord appeared to them. 7 Then the Lord spoke to Moses: 8 “Take the staff and assemble the community, you and Aaron your brother, and then speak to the rock before their eyes. It will pour forth its water, and you will bring water out of the rock for them, and so you will give the community and their beasts water to drink.”⁠ 9 So Moses took the staff from before the Lord, just as he commanded him. 10 Then Moses and Aaron gathered the community together in front of the rock, and he said to them, “Listen, you rebels, must we bring water out of this rock for you?” 11 Then Moses raised his hand, and struck the rock twice with his staff.⁠ And water came out abundantly.⁠ So the community drank, and their beasts drank too. 12 Then the Lord spoke to Moses and Aaron, “Because you did not trust me enough to show me as holy before the Israelites, therefore you will not bring this community into the land I have given them.”⁠ 13 These are the waters of Meribah, because the Israelites contended with the Lord, and his holiness was maintained among them. 14 Moses sent messengers from Kadesh to the king of Edom:⁠ “Thus says your brother Israel: ‘You know all the hardships we have experienced, 15 how our ancestors went down into Egypt, and we lived in Egypt a long time, and the Egyptians treated us and our ancestors badly. 16 So when we cried to the Lord, he heard our voice and sent a messenger, and has brought us up out of Egypt.⁠ Now we are here in Kadesh, a town on the edge of your country. 17 Please let us pass through your country. We will not pass through the fields or through the vineyards, nor will we drink water from any well. We will go by the King’s Highway; we will not turn to the right or the left until we have passed through your region.’” 18 But Edom said to him, “You will not pass through me, or I will come out against you with the sword.” 19 Then the Israelites said to him, “We will go along the highway, and if we or our cattle drink any of your water, we will pay for it. We will only pass through on our feet, without doing anything else.” 20 But he said, “You may not pass through.” Then Edom came out against them with a large and powerful force. 21 So Edom refused to give Israel passage through his border; therefore Israel turned away from him. 22 So the entire company of Israelites traveled from Kadesh and came to Mount Hor. 23 And the Lord spoke to Moses and Aaron at Mount Hor, by the border of the land of Edom. He said: 24 “Aaron will be gathered to his ancestors, for he will not enter into the land I have given to the Israelites because both of you rebelled against my word at the waters of Meribah. 25 Take Aaron and Eleazar his son, and bring them up on Mount Hor. 26 Remove Aaron’s priestly garments and put them on Eleazar his son, and Aaron will be gathered to his ancestors and will die there.” 27 So Moses did as the Lord commanded; and they went up Mount Hor in the sight of the whole community. 28 And Moses removed Aaron’s garments and put them on his son Eleazar. So Aaron died there on the top of the mountain. And Moses and Eleazar came down from the mountain. 29 When all the community saw that Aaron was dead, the whole house of Israel mourned for Aaron thirty days.

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Compare Numbers 20:11 and Pseudo Jonathan Numbers 20:11

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Numbers shows Moses striking the rock twice causing water to flow abundantly. The Aramaic translation in Targum Pseudo-Jonathan connects this to Exodus 4 where water turns into blood, perhaps to connect it to other Jewish traditions of water and blood.

Passages

Numbers 20:11

Hebrew Bible
9 So Moses took the staff from before the Lord, just as he commanded him. 10 Then Moses and Aaron gathered the community together in front of the rock, and he said to them, “Listen, you rebels, must we bring water out of this rock for you?” 11 Then Moses raised his hand, and struck the rock twice with his staff. And water came out abundantly. So the community drank, and their beasts drank too. 12 Then the Lord spoke to Moses and Aaron, “Because you did not trust me enough to show me as holy before the Israelites, therefore you will not bring this community into the land I have given them.” 13 These are the waters of Meribah, because the Israelites contended with the Lord, and his holiness was maintained among them.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Numbers

Pseudo Jonathan Numbers 20:11

Targum
And Mosheh took the rod of the miracles from before the Lord, as he had commanded him. And Mosheh and Aharon gathered the congregation together before the rock. And Mosheh said to them, Hear now, rebels: is it possible for us to bring forth water for you from this rock? And Mosheh lifted up his hand, and with his rod struck the rock two times: at the first time it dropped blood; but at the second time there came forth a multitude of waters. And the congregation and their cattle drank. But the Lord spake to Mosheh and Aharon with the oath, Because ye have not believed in My Word, to sanctify Me in the sight of the children of Israel, therefore you shall not bring this congregation into the land that I will give them.
300–1200 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Pseudo Jonathan Numbers

References

"... John 19:34b ... Water cleanses Pilate, while blood placates the mob, pronounces Cyril of Jerusalem. For Augustine the blood, as the seed of the Church, is prefigured by the extraction of Eve from Adam’s side, and also by the door in the side of the Ark. Romanus hints that it purges the sin to which Eve incited Adam. Since blood and water are equally miraculous, Theophylact denounces those who refuse to mingle water with wine in the eucharist (Aquinas 1997: 589). Daisenberger rejoices that the spear thrust opened the heart of Christ; Julian of Norwich avers that it created a space in which the world can stand, and that the flowing wound suckles us like mother’s milk. Crashaw celebrates the wounds that hastened the Resurrection, ‘With blush of thine own Blood thy day adorning’ (1927: 245). Even Marlowe’s Faustus derives vain hope from a vision of Christ’s blood ‘in the firmament’ (1955: 157). Cowper traces this ‘fountain filled with blood’ to Zech 13:1 (Lindars notes that Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Numbers links the miracle at Numbers 20:11 to the transformation of water into blood at Exodus 4:9). J. Lightfoot compares a rabbinic statement that the rock of Moses gushed out blood and water. 1 John 5:6 remembers that Christ came ‘not only by water but by blood’; Ignatius declares that the blood ‘purified the waters’. According to the Golden Legend it cleansed the skull of Adam, which was buried beneath the Mount. To Hoskyns the double flood prefigures the benefits received by one who is born again of water and the Spirit (3:3–5) and drinks the blood of the Son of Man (6:53–6) ..."
M. J. Edwards, Blackwell Bible Commentary: John (Blackwell, 2004), 185–186.

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