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Pseudo Jonathan Genesis

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Chapter 21

1 The Lord remembered Sarah as he had said to him, and the Lord worked a sign for Sarah, like that of which Abraham had spoken in his prayer on behalf of Abimelech. 2 Sarah became pregnant and bore Abraham in his old age a son who was like him, at the time of which the Lord had spoken. 3 Abraham called the name of the son who was born to him, whom Sarah had borne to him, Isaac. 4 When his son Isaac was eight days old, Abraham circumcised him, as the Lord had commanded him. 5 Abraham was a hundred years old when Isaac his son was born to him. 6 And Sarah said, 'The Lord has done an amazing thing for me; anyone who hears of it will be amazed at me.' 7 And she said, 'How trustworthy was the messenger who made an announcement to Abraham, saying “Sarah is destined to suckle children.” For she has borne him a son at the time of his old age.' 8 The child grew and was weaned; and Abraham made a great feast the day he weaned Isaac. 9 Sarah saw the son of Hagar the Egyptian, whom she bore to Abraham, sporting with an idol and bowing down to it.⁠ 10 And she said to Abraham, 'Cast out this maidservant and her son; for it is not possible that the son of this maidservant should inherit with my son and then make war with Isaac.' 11 But the matter was very distressing in Abraham’s eyes on account of his son Ishmael who had practiced idolatry. 12 But the Lord said to Abraham, 'Do not be distressed about the boy who has abandoned the training you have given him, or about your maidservant whom you are banishing. Pay heed to all that Sarah will say to you—for she is a prophetess—because through Isaac shall your children be named; but this son of the maidservant shall not be recorded in the genealogies after you.' 13 And I will make a nation of robbers of the son of the maidservant also, because he is your son.' 14 Abraham rose early in the morning, took some bread and a skin of water, and gave them to Hagar. He placed them on her shoulder—tying them to her loins to show that she was a maidservant—along with the child. He sent her away with a bill of divorce. She went off and strayed from the way to the desert which is near Beer-sheba. 15 When they arrived at the entrance to the desert, they reverted to going astray after idolatry. Ishmael was stricken with a burning fever; and he drank all the water until all the water in the skin was finished. And his flesh became parched and thin. 16 She went and sat down to one side, threw away the idol and withdrew from her son, about the distance of a bowshot; for she said, 'I am not able to look upon the death of the child.' So she sat opposite her son and lifted up her voice and wept. 17 The voice of the child was heard before the Lord because of the merit of Abraham. And the angel of the Lord called to Hagar from heaven and said to her, 'What is the matter, Hagar? Fear not, for the voice of the child has been heard before the Lord, and he has not judged him according to the evil deeds he is destined to do. Because of the merit of Abraham he has shown mercy to him in the place where he is.' 18 Arise, take the boy and hold him by the hand, for I will make a great nation of him.' 19 The Lord uncovered her eyes, and a well of water was revealed to her, and she went and filled the water-skin with water, and gave the boy a drink. 20 The Memra of the Lord was at the assistance of the boy, and he grew up. He dwelt in the wilderness and became a skilled bowman. 21 He dwelt in the desert of Paran and took as wife Adisha. But he divorced her, and his mother took Fatima as wife for him⁠ from the land of Egypt. 22 At that time Abimelech and Phicol, the commander of his army, said to Abraham, 'The Memra of the Lord is at your assistance in everything you do.' 23 And now, swear to me here by the Memra of the Lord that you will not deal falsely with me or with my son or my grandson; according to the kindness I have done to you, you shall do to me and to the land in which you have resided.' 24 And Abraham said, 'I swear.' 25 Abraham remonstrated with Abimelech on account of the well of water which the servants of Abimelech had taken from him by force. 26 Abimelech said, 'I do not know who did this; you yourself did not tell me, and I did not hear of it from others except from you today.' 27 Abraham took sheep and oxen and gave them to Abimelech, and the two of them made a covenant. 28 Abraham set aside seven ewe lambs by themselves, and separated them from the oxen. 29 Abimelech said to Abraham, 'What is the meaning of these seven ewe lambs that you have set aside by themselves?' 30 He said, 'You are to accept the seven ewe lambs from my hand, that they may serve as a witness that I dug this well.' 31 Therefore he called that well “The Well-of-the-Seven-Ewe-Lambs,” because there the two of them swore an oath. 32 So they made a covenant at “The Well-of-the-Seven-Ewe-Lambs” and Abimelech and Phicol, the commander of his army, arose and returned to the land of the Philistines. 33 Abraham planted an orchard at “The Well-of-the-Seven-Ewe-Lambs,” and in it he prepared food and drink for those who went and came. And he used to proclaim to them there, 'Give thanks, and believe in the name of the Memra of the Lord, the God of the world.'

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 21:21 and Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 21:21

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Genesis 21 never names Ishmael's Egyptian wife. The Aramaic Targum Pseudo-Jonathan gives him two wives with the names of a wife and a daughter of Muhammad, showing how this part of the Targum was written after the rise of Islam.

Passages

Genesis 21:21

Hebrew Bible
19 Then God enabled Hagar to see a well of water. She went over and filled the skin with water, and then gave the boy a drink. 20 God was with the boy as he grew. He lived in the wilderness and became an archer. 21 He lived in the wilderness of Paran. His mother found a wife for him from the land of Egypt.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 21:21

Targum
19 The Lord uncovered her eyes, and a well of water was revealed to her, and she went and filled the water-skin with water, and gave the boy a drink. 20 The Memra of the Lord was at the assistance of the boy, and he grew up. He dwelt in the wilderness and became a skilled bowman. 21 He dwelt in the desert of Paran and took as wife Adisha. But he divorced her, and his mother took Fatima as wife for him from the land of Egypt.
300–1200 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Pseudo Jonathan Genesis

References

“... Here, the primary issue is whether a passage with a historical reference represents the Targum as a whole or whether it was added (by a copyist?) after the Targum’s composition. This can be exemplified by the debate over PJ’s rendering of Genesis 21:21, which reads as follows concerning Ishmael: [...] Then he dwelt in the wilderness of Paran, and he took as a wife Adisha, but drove her out. Then his mother took Fatima as a wife for him from the land of Egypt. Adisha here refers to Khadijah, Muhammad’s first wife, and Fatima refers to their daughter. Pseudo-Jonathan uses this (imagined) serial marriage to associate Muhammad with the sin of Ishmael who married a woman and her daughter, thus violating the taboo laid out in Leviticus 18:17. This clearly makes Ishmael inferior to Isaac and mounts a polemic against Islam, represented by Ishmael. The interpretation can only stem from a time after the Islamic conquest of Palestine in 637 CE. If this passage represents Pseudo-Jonathan as a whole, then the Targum must be dated to the mid-seventh century at the earliest. ...”
Paul V. M. Flesher and Bruce D. Chilton, The Targums: A Critical Introduction, SAIS 12 (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2011), 161–162.
“... One particularly late recension of the Palestinian Targum (Pseudo-Jonathan) supplies the names of the two anonymous wives taken by Ishmael, as Adisha and Fatima. Rabbinic tradition had always identified Ishmael with the Arabs; and it is hardly coincidental that these happen to be the names of one of Muhammad’s wives and one of his daughters. What we have here, then, is a post-Islamic addition to the Palestinian Targum. [...] Ayesha, daughter of Abu Bakr, was Muhammad’s favorite wife; while Fatima, one of Muhammad’s daughters, was the traditional matriarch of the Fatimide dynasty. Once again, it cannot be mere coincidence that Hagar and the wife that she chose are both from Egypt, and that the Fatimides later established their capital in Cairo in the 10th Century C.E. ...”
Michael L. Klein, “Palestinian Targum and Synagogue Mosaics,” in Michael Klein on the Targums: Collected Essays 1972–2002, ed. Avigdor Shinan and Rimon Kasher, SAIS 11 (Leiden: Brill, 2011), 52.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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