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Genesis

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The Birth of Isaac

Chapter 21

1 The Lord visited Sarah just as he had said he would and did for Sarah what he had promised. 2 So Sarah became pregnant and bore Abraham a son in his old age at the appointed time that God had told him.⁠ 3 Abraham named his son—whom Sarah bore to him—Isaac. 4 When his son Isaac was eight days old, Abraham circumcised him just as God had commanded him to do. 5 (Now Abraham was one hundred years old when his son Isaac was born to him.) 6 Sarah said, “God has made me laugh. Everyone who hears about this will laugh with me.”⁠ 7 She went on to say, “Who would have said to Abraham that Sarah would nurse children? Yet I have given birth to a son for him in his old age!”

Hagar and Ishmael Sent Away

8 The child grew and was weaned. Abraham prepared a great feast on the day that Isaac was weaned. 9 But Sarah noticed the son of Hagar the Egyptian—the son whom Hagar had borne to Abraham—mocking.⁠ 10 So she said to Abraham, “Banish that slave woman and her son, for the son of that slave woman will not be an heir along with my son Isaac!” 11 Sarah’s demand displeased Abraham greatly because Ishmael was his son. 12 But God said to Abraham, “Do not let it be evil in your eyes20⁠ about the boy or your slave wife. Do all that Sarah is telling you because through Isaac your descendants will be counted. 13 But I will also make the son of the slave wife into a great nation, for he is your descendant too.” 14 Early in the morning Abraham took some food and a skin of water and gave them to Hagar. He put them on her shoulders, gave her the child, and sent her away. So she went wandering aimlessly through the wilderness of Beer Sheba. 15 When the water in the skin was gone, she shoved the child under one of the shrubs. 16 Then she went and sat down by herself across from him at quite a distance, about a bowshot, away; for she thought, “I refuse to watch the child die.” So she sat across from him and wept uncontrollably.⁠ 17 But God heard the boy’s voice. The angel of God called to Hagar from heaven and asked her, “What is the matter, Hagar? Don’t be afraid, for God has heard the boy’s voice right where he is crying. 18 Get up! Help the boy up and hold him by the hand, for I will make him into a great nation.” 19 Then God enabled Hagar to see a well of water. She went over and filled the skin with water, and then gave the boy a drink. 20 God was with the boy as he grew. He lived in the wilderness and became an archer. 21 He lived in the wilderness of Paran. His mother found a wife for him from the land of Egypt.⁠

Abraham's Agreement with Abimelech

22 At that time Abimelech and Phicol, the commander of his army, said to Abraham, “God is with you in all that you do.⁠ 23 Now swear to me right here in God’s name that you will not deceive me, my children, or my descendants. Show me, and the land where you are staying, the same loyalty that I have shown you.” 24 Abraham said, “I swear to do this.” 25 But Abraham lodged a complaint against Abimelech concerning a well that Abimelech’s servants had seized. 26 “I do not know who has done this thing,” Abimelech replied. “Moreover, you did not tell me. I did not hear about it until today.” 27 Abraham took some sheep and cattle and gave them to Abimelech. The two of them made a treaty. 28 Then Abraham set seven ewe lambs apart from the flock by themselves. 29 Abimelech asked Abraham, “What is the meaning of these seven ewe lambs that you have set apart?” 30 He replied, “You must take these seven ewe lambs from my hand as legal proof that I dug this well.” 31 That is why he named that place Beer Sheba, because the two of them swore an oath there. 32 So they made a treaty at Beer Sheba; then Abimelech and Phicol, the commander of his army, returned to the land of the Philistines. 33 Abraham planted a tamarisk tree in Beer Sheba. There he worshiped the Lord, the eternal God.⁠ 34 So Abraham stayed in the land of the Philistines for quite some time.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 21:21 and Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 21:21

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Genesis 21 never names Ishmael's Egyptian wife. The Aramaic Targum Pseudo-Jonathan gives him two wives with the names of a wife and a daughter of Muhammad, showing how this part of the Targum was written after the rise of Islam.

Passages

Genesis 21:21

Hebrew Bible
19 Then God enabled Hagar to see a well of water. She went over and filled the skin with water, and then gave the boy a drink. 20 God was with the boy as he grew. He lived in the wilderness and became an archer. 21 He lived in the wilderness of Paran. His mother found a wife for him from the land of Egypt.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 21:21

Targum
19 The Lord uncovered her eyes, and a well of water was revealed to her, and she went and filled the water-skin with water, and gave the boy a drink. 20 The Memra of the Lord was at the assistance of the boy, and he grew up. He dwelt in the wilderness and became a skilled bowman. 21 He dwelt in the desert of Paran and took as wife Adisha. But he divorced her, and his mother took Fatima as wife for him from the land of Egypt.
300–1200 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Pseudo Jonathan Genesis

References

“... Here, the primary issue is whether a passage with a historical reference represents the Targum as a whole or whether it was added (by a copyist?) after the Targum’s composition. This can be exemplified by the debate over PJ’s rendering of Genesis 21:21, which reads as follows concerning Ishmael: [...] Then he dwelt in the wilderness of Paran, and he took as a wife Adisha, but drove her out. Then his mother took Fatima as a wife for him from the land of Egypt. Adisha here refers to Khadijah, Muhammad’s first wife, and Fatima refers to their daughter. Pseudo-Jonathan uses this (imagined) serial marriage to associate Muhammad with the sin of Ishmael who married a woman and her daughter, thus violating the taboo laid out in Leviticus 18:17. This clearly makes Ishmael inferior to Isaac and mounts a polemic against Islam, represented by Ishmael. The interpretation can only stem from a time after the Islamic conquest of Palestine in 637 CE. If this passage represents Pseudo-Jonathan as a whole, then the Targum must be dated to the mid-seventh century at the earliest. ...”
Paul V. M. Flesher and Bruce D. Chilton, The Targums: A Critical Introduction, SAIS 12 (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2011), 161–162.
“... One particularly late recension of the Palestinian Targum (Pseudo-Jonathan) supplies the names of the two anonymous wives taken by Ishmael, as Adisha and Fatima. Rabbinic tradition had always identified Ishmael with the Arabs; and it is hardly coincidental that these happen to be the names of one of Muhammad’s wives and one of his daughters. What we have here, then, is a post-Islamic addition to the Palestinian Targum. [...] Ayesha, daughter of Abu Bakr, was Muhammad’s favorite wife; while Fatima, one of Muhammad’s daughters, was the traditional matriarch of the Fatimide dynasty. Once again, it cannot be mere coincidence that Hagar and the wife that she chose are both from Egypt, and that the Fatimides later established their capital in Cairo in the 10th Century C.E. ...”
Michael L. Klein, “Palestinian Targum and Synagogue Mosaics,” in Michael Klein on the Targums: Collected Essays 1972–2002, ed. Avigdor Shinan and Rimon Kasher, SAIS 11 (Leiden: Brill, 2011), 52.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 21:21 and Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 21:21

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