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Pseudo Jonathan Exodus

About this book
Chapter 1

1 These are the names of the sons of Israel who entered Egypt with Jacob; they entered, each with the members of his household. 2 Reuben, Simeon, Levi, and Judah; 3 Issachar, Zebulun, and Benjamin; 4 Dan and Naphtali, Gad and Asher. 5 The sum total of the persons who were direct descendants of Jacob was seventy persons, with Joseph and his sons who were in Egypt. 6 Joseph died, and after him all his brothers died, and all that generation. 7 But the Israelites multiplied and begot children; they increased and became very strong, so that the land was filled with them. 8 Then a new king—as if at the beginning of his reign—arose over Egypt, who did not know Joseph, and he did not walk according to his laws.⁠ 9 And he said to his people, 'Behold, the people of the children of Israel are much more numerous and stronger than we.' 10 'Come now, let us take counsel against them; let us reduce them with these laws before they increase, lest, should war come upon us, they too might join our enemies and wipe us out and not leave even one of us, and then go up out of the land.' 11 So they set taskmasters over them in order to afflict them in their slavery. They built fortified cities as Pharaoh’s treasure houses, Tanis and Pelusium. 12 But the more they afflicted them, the more they increased and the stronger they became, so that the Egyptians lived in dread of the Israelites. 13 The Egyptians harshly subjected the Israelites to slavery. 14 And made their lives bitter with hard work in clay and bricks and in all kinds of work in the open country; with harshness they made them do all their work. 15 And Pharaoh said that while he slept, he saw in his dream that all the land of Egypt was placed on one balance of a weighing scale, and a lamb, the young of a ewe,⁠ on the other balance of the weighing scale; and the balance of the weighing scale on which the lamb was placed weighed down. Immediately he sent and summoned all the magicians of Egypt and told them his dream. Immediately Jannes and Jambres, the chief magicians, opened their mouths and said to Pharaoh:⁠ 'A son is to be born in the assembly of Israel, through whom all the land of Egypt is destined to be destroyed.'⁠ 16 Therefore Pharaoh, the king of Egypt, took counsel and said to the Jewish midwives—one of whom was named Shiphrah, she is Jochebed, and the other was named Puah, she is Miriam, her daughter. 17 And he said, 'When you act as midwives for the Jewish women, you shall look at the birthstool: if it is a male child, you shall kill him; but if it is a female child, she shall live.' 18 But the midwives feared before the Lord, and they did not do as the king of Egypt told them but let the sons live. 19 So the king of Egypt called the midwives and said to them, 'Why then have you done this thing and let the sons live?' 20 The midwives said to Pharaoh, 'Because the Jewish women are not like the Egyptian women, for they are strong and skillful. Before the midwife comes to them, they raise their eyes in prayer, praying and imploring mercy before their Father who is in heaven;⁠ he hears the voice of their prayer, and they are answered immediately, and they give birth and are delivered safely.' 21 And the Lord dealt well with the midwives; and the people increased and became exceedingly strong. 22 And when the midwives feared before the Lord, they acquired a good reputation for themselves for the generations, and the Memra of the Lord built for them the royal house and the house of the high priesthood. 23 When Pharaoh saw this, he commanded all his people saying, 'Every male child that is born to the Jews you shall throw into the river, but you shall let every daughter live.'

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 1:16 and Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews Book 2 9:2 and Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 1:15

Hebrew Bible · Classical · Targum

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Summary

In Exodus, Pharaoh orders the male children killed because Israel has grown numerous. Josephus adds a scribe's prophecy of a Hebrew deliverer, a tradition the Aramaic Targum Pseudo-Jonathan inherits and incorporates into the text.

Passages

Exodus 1:16

Hebrew Bible
14 They made their lives bitter by hard service with mortar and bricks and by all kinds of service in the fields. Every kind of service the Israelites were required to give was rigorous. 15 The king of Egypt said to the Hebrew midwives, one of whom was named Shiphrah and the other Puah, 16 “When you assist the Hebrew women in childbirth, observe at the delivery: If it is a son, kill him, but if it is a daughter, she may live.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews Book 2 9:2

Classical
2 During this time, the Egyptians found further motivation for eradicating the nation of the Hebrews. A sacred scribe, known for accurately predicting the future, advised Pharaoh that around this period a Hebrew child would be born who would lower the kingdom of Egypt and raise the Israelites, standing out in virtue and remembered forever. Alarmed by this prophecy, the King commanded that every male Hebrew infant be cast into the river, ordering the Egyptian midwives who assisted Hebrew mothers to obey this edict on pain of death.

Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 1:15

Targum
14 And made their lives bitter with hard work in clay and bricks and in all kinds of work in the open country; with harshness they made them do all their work. 15 And Pharaoh said that while he slept, he saw in his dream that all the land of Egypt was placed on one balance of a weighing scale, and a lamb, the young of a ewe, on the other balance of the weighing scale; and the balance of the weighing scale on which the lamb was placed weighed down. Immediately he sent and summoned all the magicians of Egypt and told them his dream. Immediately Jannes and Jambres, the chief magicians, opened their mouths and said to Pharaoh: 'A son is to be born in the assembly of Israel, through whom all the land of Egypt is destined to be destroyed.' 16 Therefore Pharaoh, the king of Egypt, took counsel and said to the Jewish midwives—one of whom was named Shiphrah, she is Jochebed, and the other was named Puah, she is Miriam, her daughter.
300–1200 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Pseudo Jonathan Exodus

References

“... In § 205, in fact, the presumed cause is the announcement of the coming of a newborn who will deliver the Hebrews from slavery. This baby will be in possession of immense virtues and will reach an eternal glory. Alarmed by this prophecy, related by one of his scribes, the king orders all the Hebrew's male infants to be drowned in the Nile (§ 206). But divine Providence, according to Josephus' version, wants a happy ending, so the newborn is saved and brought up secretly (§ 209). Both these two elements, the presence of a prophecy and the connection with a slaughter of innocent newborns, refer to a similar episode in the New Testament (Matthew 1-2). [...] Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Exodus 1:15 reports a dream of Pharaoh himself, interpreted by Jannes and Jambres, magicians of Egypt. Some rabbinic traditions (Sanhedrin 101a, Sotah 12b, Midrash Exod. Rabbah 1.18) underline that it is not a dream of the Pharaoh, but a prediction, made by astrologers, about a pregnant woman, and a child who will be the saviour of the Hebrews. ...”
Giovanni Frulla, "Reconstructing Exodus Tradition: Moses in the Second Book of Josephus' Antiquities" in Pastor, Jack, et. al. (eds.) Flavius Josephus: Interpretation and History (Leiden: Brill, 2011), 118–119.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 1:16 and Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews Book 2 9:2 and Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 1:15

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