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Psalms

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Psalm 74

1 A well-written song by Asaph. Why, O God, have you permanently rejected us? Why does your anger burn against the sheep of your pasture? 2 Remember your people whom you acquired in ancient times, whom you rescued so they could be your very own nation, as well as Mount Zion, where you dwell. 3 Hurry to the permanent ruins, and to all the damage the enemy has done to the temple. 4 Your enemies roar in the middle of your sanctuary; they set up their battle flags. 5 They invade like lumberjacks swinging their axes in a thick forest. 6 And now they are tearing down all its engravings with axes and crowbars. 7 They set your sanctuary on fire; they desecrate your dwelling place by knocking it to the ground.⁠ 8 They say to themselves, “We will oppress all of them.” They burn down all the places in the land where people worship God. 9 We do not see any signs of God’s presence; there are no longer any prophets, and we have no one to tell us how long this will last. 10 How long, O God, will the adversary hurl insults? Will the enemy blaspheme your name forever? 11 Why do you remain inactive? Intervene and destroy him. 12 But God has been my king from ancient times, performing acts of deliverance on the earth.⁠ 13 You destroyed the sea by your strength; you shattered the heads of the sea monster⁠ in the water.⁠ 14 You crushed the heads of Leviathan;⁠ you fed him to the people who live along the coast.⁠ 15 You broke open the spring and the stream; you dried up perpetually flowing rivers. 16 You established the cycle of day and night;⁠ you put the moon and sun in place.⁠ 17 You set up all the boundaries of the earth; you created the cycle of summer and winter.⁠ 18 Remember how the enemy hurls insults, O Lord, and how a foolish nation blasphemes your name. 19 Do not hand the life of your dove over to a wild animal. Do not continue to disregard the lives of your oppressed people. 20 Remember your covenant promises, for the dark regions of the earth are full of places where violence rules. 21 Do not let the afflicted be turned back in shame. Let the oppressed and poor praise your name. 22 Rise up, O God. Defend your honor. Remember how fools insult you all day long.⁠ 23 Do not disregard what your enemies say or the unceasing shouts of those who defy you.

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Compare Ninurta's Exploits and Psalms 74:14

Ancient Near East, Sumerian · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

In the Sumerian text Ninurta’s Exploits, the warrior god slays a Seven-headed Serpent among his monstrous enemies. Psalm 74 draws on this ancient Near Eastern tradition when it praises God for crushing the many heads of Leviathan.

Passages

Ninurta's Exploits

Ancient Near East, Sumerian · Lugale
‘Hero, beware!’ it said concernedly. The Šar-ur addressed Lord Ninurta: ‘Hero, pitfall (?), net of battle, Ninurta, King, celestial mace ... irresistible against the enemy, valiant one, tempest which rages against the rebel lands, wave which submerges the harvest, King, you have looked on battles, you have ... in the thick of them. Ninurta, after gathering the enemy in a battle-net, after erecting a great reed-altar, Lord, heavenly serpent, purify your pickaxe and your mace! Ninurta, I will enumerate the names of the warriors you have already slain: the Mermaid, the Dragon, the Gypsum, the Strong Copper, the hero Six-headed Wild Ram, the Magilum Barge, Lord Saman-ana, the Bison, the Palm-tree King, the Anzud bird, the Seven-headed Serpent—Ninurta, you slew them in the mountains.’ ‘But Lord, do not venture again to a battle as terrible as that. Do not lift your arm to the smiting of weapons, to the festival of the young men, to Inana’s dance! Lord, do not go to such a great battle as this! Do not hurry; fix your feet on the ground. Ninurta, the Asag is waiting for you in the Mountains. Hero who is so handsome in his crown, first-born son whom Ninlil has decorated with numberless charms, good Lord, whom a princess bore to an en priest, Hero who wears horns like the moon, who is long life for the king of the Land, who opens the sky by great sublime strength, inundation who engulfs the banks ..., Ninurta, Lord, full of fearsomeness, who will hurry towards the Mountains, proud Hero, this time you will not equal the Asag! Ninurta, do not make your young men enter the Mountains.’
2000 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Ninurta's Exploits

Psalms 74:14

Hebrew Bible
13 You destroyed the sea by your strength; you shattered the heads of the sea monster in the water. 14 You crushed the heads of Leviathan; you fed him to the people who live along the coast. 15 You broke open the spring and the stream; you dried up perpetually flowing rivers. 16 You established the cycle of day and night; you put the moon and sun in place.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

References

“... On the basis of Sumerian texts from approximately the same date it may be assumed that it was the warrior god Ninurta/Ningirsu who vanquished the seven-headed dragon. In both cases the beast has legs, but also a ‘seven-headed snake’ is among the monsters Ningirsu defeated. About a thousand years later the seven-headed monster reappears in a text from Ugarit, a Canaanite city located at the coast of present-day Syria, approximately opposite the ‘finger’ of the island of Cyprus. He is called Ltn and since this differs from the Hebrew consonantal spelling lwytn an explanation of the etymology of the name of the Leviathan is called for. ...”
Marjo Korpel and Johannes de Moor, “The Leviathan in the Ancient Near East,” in Playing with Leviathan: Interpretation and Reception of Monsters from the Biblical World, ed. K. van Bekkum (Leiden: Brill, 2017), 5.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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