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Psalms

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Psalm 68

1 For the music director, by David, a psalm, a song. God springs into action. His enemies scatter; his adversaries run from him.⁠ 2 As smoke is driven away by the wind, so you drive them away. As wax melts before fire, so the wicked are destroyed before God. 3 But the godly are happy; they rejoice before God and are overcome with joy. 4 Sing to God! Sing praises to his name. Exalt the one who rides on the clouds. For the Lord is his name.⁠ Rejoice before him.⁠ 5 He is a father to the fatherless and an advocate for widows.⁠ God rules from his holy dwelling place. 6 God settles in their own homes those who have been deserted; he frees prisoners and grants them prosperity.⁠ But sinful rebels live in the desert. 7 O God, when you lead your people into battle, when you march through the wastelands,⁠ (Selah)⁠ 8 the earth shakes. Yes, the heavens pour down rain before God, the God of Sinai, before God, the God of Israel.⁠ 9 O God, you cause abundant showers to fall on your chosen people. When they are tired, you sustain them, 10 for you live among them. You sustain the oppressed with your good blessings, O God. 11 The Lord speaks; many, many women spread the good news. 12 Kings leading armies run away—they run away! The lovely lady of the house divides up the loot. 13 When you lie down among the sheepfolds, the wings of the dove are covered with silver and with glittering gold. 14 When the Sovereign One scatters kings, let it snow on Zalmon. 15 The mountain of Bashan is a towering mountain; the mountain of Bashan is a mountain with many peaks. 16 Why do you look with envy, O mountains with many peaks, at the mountain where God has decided to live? Indeed the Lord will live there permanently. 17 God has countless chariots; they number in the thousands. The Lord comes from Sinai in holy splendor.⁠ 18 You ascend on high; you have taken many captives. You receive tribute from men, including even sinful rebels.⁠ Indeed, the Lord God lives there.⁠ 19 The Lord deserves praise. Day after day he carries our burden, the God who delivers us. (Selah) 20 Our God is a God who delivers; the Lord, the Sovereign Lord, can rescue from death. 21 Indeed, God strikes the heads of his enemies,⁠ the hairy foreheads of those who persist in rebellion. 22 The Lord says, “I will retrieve them from Bashan. I will bring them back from the depths of the sea, 23 so that your feet may stomp in their blood,⁠ and your dogs may eat their portion of the enemies’ corpses.” 24 They see your processions, O God—the processions of my God, my king, who marches along in holy splendor. 25 Singers walk in front; musicians follow playing their stringed instruments, in the midst of young women playing tambourines. 26 In your large assemblies praise God, the Lord, in the assemblies of Israel. 27 There is little Benjamin, their ruler, and the princes of Judah in their robes, along with the princes of Zebulun and the princes of Naphtali. 28 God has decreed that you will be powerful. O God, you who have acted on our behalf, demonstrate your power. 29 Because of your temple in Jerusalem, kings bring tribute to you. 30 Sound your battle cry against the wild beast of the reeds, and the nations that assemble like a herd of calves led by bulls. They humble themselves and offer gold and silver as tribute. God scatters the nations that like to do battle. 31 They come with red cloth from Egypt. Ethiopia voluntarily offers tribute to God. 32 O kingdoms of the earth, sing to God. Sing praises to the Lord, (Selah) 33 to the one who rides through the sky from ancient times. Look! He thunders loudly.⁠ 34 Acknowledge God’s power, his sovereignty over Israel, and the power he reveals in the skies. 35 You are awe inspiring, O God, as you emerge from your holy temple. It is the God of Israel who gives the people power and strength. God deserves praise!

Texts in conversation

Compare Psalms 68:4 and 3 Enoch 19:6

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses

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Summary

In Psalm 68, the singers call on others to praise God as he rides through heaven. In 3 Enoch, these heavenly creatures now give that call to one another, expanding this vision of heavenly liturgy.

Passages

Psalms 68:4

Hebrew Bible
1 For the music director, by David, a psalm, a song. God springs into action. His enemies scatter; his adversaries run from him. 2 As smoke is driven away by the wind, so you drive them away. As wax melts before fire, so the wicked are destroyed before God. 3 But the godly are happy; they rejoice before God and are overcome with joy. 4 Sing to God! Sing praises to his name. Exalt the one who rides on the clouds. For the Lord is his name. Rejoice before him. 5 He is a father to the fatherless and an advocate for widows. God rules from his holy dwelling place.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

3 Enoch 19:6

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · Hebrew Book of Enoch
6 And when the time draws near for the recital of the Song, (then) the multitudes of wheels are moved, the multitude of clouds tremble, all the chieftains (shallishim) are made afraid, all the horsemen (parashim) do rage, all the mighty ones (gibborim) are excited, all the hosts (seba'im) are frightened, all the troops (gedudim) are in fear, all the appointed ones (memunnim) hasten away, all the princes (sarim) and armies (chayyelim) are dismayed, all the servants (mesharetim) do faint and all the angels (mal'akim) and divisions (degalim) labour in pain. 7 And one wheel makes a sound to be heard to the other and one Kerub to another, one Chayya to another, one Seraph to another (saying) (Ps. lxviii. 5) "Extol to him that rides in 'Araboth, by his name Jah and rejoice before him!"
400–600 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 3 Enoch

References

“... ilarly, in a particularly poetic example, Rekhavi'el, who is respon- sible for the praise of the wheels of the Merkavah: When the time comes to sing the hymn, the multitude of the wheels trembles, the multitude of the clouds shudders, all the captains tremble, all the horsemen are agitated, all the heroes shiver, all the hosts shake, all the legions are afraid, all the overseers flee terrified, all the princes and soldiers are panic struck, all the servants are despondent, all the angels and cohorts are whirled around:43 Wheel to wheel, Keruv to Keruv, l;ayyah to l;ayyah, Ophan to Ophan, Seraph to Seraph let their voices resound: Extol him who rides in the
Peter Schäfer, The Hidden and Manifest God: Some Major Themes in Early Jewish Mysticism, trans. Aubrey Pomerance (Albany, NY: State University of New York, 1992), 131.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Psalms 68:4 and 3 Enoch 19:6

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