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Psalms

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Psalm 94

1 O Lord, the God who avenges! O God who avenges, reveal your splendor.⁠ 2 Rise up, O judge of the earth. Pay back the proud. 3 O Lord, how long will the wicked, how long will the wicked celebrate? 4 They spew out threats and speak defiantly; all the evildoers boast. 5 O Lord, they crush your people; they oppress the nation that belongs to you. 6 They kill the widow and the resident foreigner, and they murder the fatherless.⁠ 7 Then they say, “The Lord does not see this; the God of Jacob does not take notice of it.” 8 Take notice of this, you ignorant people. You fools, when will you ever understand? 9 Does the one who makes the human ear not hear? Does the one who forms the human eye not see? 10 Does the one who disciplines the nations not punish? He is the one who imparts knowledge to human beings! 11 The Lord knows that peoples’ thoughts are morally bankrupt. 12 How blessed is the one whom you instruct, O Lord, the one whom you teach from your law⁠ 13 in order to protect him from times of trouble, until the wicked are destroyed. 14 Certainly the Lord does not forsake his people; he does not abandon the nation that belongs to him.⁠ 15 For justice will prevail, and all the morally upright will be vindicated. 16 Who will rise up to defend me against the wicked? Who will stand up for me against the evildoers? 17 If the Lord had not helped me, I would soon have dwelt in the silence of death. 18 If I say, “My foot is slipping,” your loyal love, O Lord, supports me. 19 When worries threaten to overwhelm me, your soothing touch makes me happy. 20 Cruel rulers are not your allies, those who make oppressive laws. 21 They conspire against the blameless and condemn to death the innocent. 22 But the Lord will protect me, and my God will shelter me. 23 He will pay them back for their sin. He will destroy them because of their evil; the Lord our God will destroy them.

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 22:22 and Psalm 94:6

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Psalm 94 uses the language of Exodus 22, where widows and orphans are under God’s protection. It describes the enemies of God as those who harm the weak and gives voice to their suffering, showing that, as in Exodus, their cries call for God’s response.

Passages

Exodus 22:22

Hebrew Bible
21 “You must not wrong a resident foreigner nor oppress him, for you were foreigners in the land of Egypt. 22 “You must not afflict any widow or orphan. 23 If you afflict them in any way and they cry to me, I will surely hear their cry, 24 and my anger will burn and I will kill you with the sword, and your wives will be widows and your children will be fatherless.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Psalm 94:6

Hebrew Bible
4 They spew out threats and speak defiantly; all the evildoers boast. 5 O Lord, they crush your people; they oppress the nation that belongs to you. 6 They kill the widow and the resident foreigner, and they murder the fatherless. 7 Then they say, “The Lord does not see this; the God of Jacob does not take notice of it.” 8 Take notice of this, you ignorant people. You fools, when will you ever understand?
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

References

"... In Psalm 68:5 God is called the protector of widows, and in Psalm 146:9 he takes care of them. In both instances they are mentioned in the same breath as orphans; in the latter they are mentioned at the same time as strangers. This actualizes the social law of Exodus 22:20-23. Widows, orphans, strangers, and the wretched/poor are under God’s protection, and he extends his solidarity to them. Their cry for help in oppressive situations (see Psalm 94:6) is heard and answered by God. In the Psalms, those marginalized by society and pushed to the margins of life, or those threatened by the powerful and violent, are called needy or wretched ..."
Ulrike Bail, “The Psalms: 'Who is Speaking May Be All That Matters',” in Feminist Biblical Interpretation: A Compendium of Critical Commentary on the Books of the Bible and Related Literature, ed. Luise Schottroff and Marie-Theres Wacher (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 2012), 240–254.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 22:22 and Psalm 94:6

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