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Psalms

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Psalm 94

1 O Lord, the God who avenges! O God who avenges, reveal your splendor.⁠ 2 Rise up, O judge of the earth. Pay back the proud. 3 O Lord, how long will the wicked, how long will the wicked celebrate? 4 They spew out threats and speak defiantly; all the evildoers boast. 5 O Lord, they crush your people; they oppress the nation that belongs to you. 6 They kill the widow and the resident foreigner, and they murder the fatherless.⁠ 7 Then they say, “The Lord does not see this; the God of Jacob does not take notice of it.” 8 Take notice of this, you ignorant people. You fools, when will you ever understand? 9 Does the one who makes the human ear not hear? Does the one who forms the human eye not see? 10 Does the one who disciplines the nations not punish? He is the one who imparts knowledge to human beings! 11 The Lord knows that peoples’ thoughts are morally bankrupt. 12 How blessed is the one whom you instruct, O Lord, the one whom you teach from your law⁠ 13 in order to protect him from times of trouble, until the wicked are destroyed. 14 Certainly the Lord does not forsake his people; he does not abandon the nation that belongs to him.⁠ 15 For justice will prevail, and all the morally upright will be vindicated. 16 Who will rise up to defend me against the wicked? Who will stand up for me against the evildoers? 17 If the Lord had not helped me, I would soon have dwelt in the silence of death. 18 If I say, “My foot is slipping,” your loyal love, O Lord, supports me. 19 When worries threaten to overwhelm me, your soothing touch makes me happy. 20 Cruel rulers are not your allies, those who make oppressive laws. 21 They conspire against the blameless and condemn to death the innocent. 22 But the Lord will protect me, and my God will shelter me. 23 He will pay them back for their sin. He will destroy them because of their evil; the Lord our God will destroy them.

Texts in conversation

Compare Nahum 1:2 and Psalm 94:1

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Nahum and Psalm 94 both appeal to the “God of vengeance” to move against their enemies. Nahum builds on this theme by incorporating imagery of storms and the sea, following ancient Near Eastern tradition and describing God as a storm deity.

Passages

Nahum 1:2

Hebrew Bible
1 This is an oracle about Nineveh; the book of the vision of Nahum the Elkoshite: 2 The Lord is a zealous and avenging God; the Lord is avenging and very angry. The Lord takes vengeance against his foes; he sustains his rage against his enemies. 3 The Lord is slow to anger but great in power; the Lord will certainly not allow the wicked to go unpunished. He marches out in the whirlwind and the raging storm; dark storm clouds billow like dust under his feet. 4 He shouts a battle cry against the sea and makes it dry up; he makes all the rivers run dry. Bashan and Carmel wither; the blossom of Lebanon withers.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Nahum

Psalm 94:1

Hebrew Bible
1 O Lord, the God who avenges! O God who avenges, reveal your splendor. 2 Rise up, O judge of the earth. Pay back the proud. 3 O Lord, how long will the wicked, how long will the wicked celebrate? 4 They spew out threats and speak defiantly; all the evildoers boast. 5 O Lord, they crush your people; they oppress the nation that belongs to you.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

References

"... Divine “vengeance” occurs in contexts of punishment, such as for disobedience to the commandments as in Leviticus 26:25 and Jeremiah 5:9, 29. God’s “vengeance” is also disciplinary in order to restore lawfulness, as, for example, in Isaiah 1:24-26 where God’s “vengeance”, which is used here with God’s “wrath”, occurs so that Judah will be disciplined and become again a “city of righteousness”. God’s “vengeance” also serves to end oppression and injustice, as in Isaiah 59:17. In this verse, נקם is parallel to צדקה, showing that divine “vengeance” is a revelation of divine “righteousness”. In the prophets, where divine “vengeance” occurs the most, it is also used against the nations for their attempts at reaching out for world power, as in Isaiah 47:3; Jeremiah 46:10; 50:15 and Ezekiel 24:8. God’s “vengeance” against the enemy occurs in order to bring deliverance to God’s people, as in Isaiah 33:8; 35:4; 59:18; 61:2; 63:4; Jeremiah 51:36 and Nahum 1:2; 1:15. Within the Psalms, such as 58:10; 79:10; 94:1, and the confessions of Jeremiah (11:20; 20:12), the psalmists and Jeremiah are facing situations of threat or oppression, and they call to God to punish their oppressors and deliver them ..."
Karen Elizabeth Durant, “Imitation of God as a Principle for Ethics Today: A Study of Selected Psalms” (PhD diss., University of Birmingham, 2010), 192–193.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Nahum 1:2 and Psalm 94:1

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