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Psalms

About this book
Psalm 57

1 For the music director, according to the al-tashcheth style; a prayer of David, written when he fled from Saul into the cave. Have mercy on me, O God. Have mercy on me. For in you I have taken shelter. In the shadow of your wings I take shelter until trouble passes. 2 I cry out for help to God Most High, to the God who vindicates me. 3 May he send help from heaven and deliver me from my enemies who hurl insults. (Selah) May God send his loyal love and faithfulness. 4 I am surrounded by lions; I lie down among those who want to devour me, men whose teeth are spears and arrows, whose tongues are sharp swords. 5 Rise up above the sky, O God. May your splendor cover the whole earth. 6 They have prepared a net to trap me; I am discouraged. They have dug a pit for me. They will fall into it.⁠ (Selah) 7 I am determined, O God. I am determined. I will sing and praise you. 8 Awake, my liver21!⁠ Awake, O stringed instrument and harp! I will wake up at dawn. 9 I will give you thanks before the nations, O Lord. I will sing praises to you before foreigners. 10 For your loyal love extends beyond the sky, and your faithfulness reaches the clouds. 11 Rise up above the sky, O God. May your splendor cover the whole earth.

Texts in conversation

Compare Psalm 57:8 and Lamentations 2:11

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Lamentations 2 and Psalm 57 describe the liver as a source of emotion, a belief shared in ancient Near Eastern and Biblical literature. Lamentations describes the liver “poured out on the ground” in grief, while Psalm 57 shows it prepared to give praise.

Passages

Psalm 57:8

Hebrew Bible
7 I am determined, O God. I am determined. I will sing and praise you. 8 Awake, my liver21! Awake, O stringed instrument and harp! I will wake up at dawn. 9 I will give you thanks before the nations, O Lord. I will sing praises to you before foreigners.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

Lamentations 2:11

Hebrew Bible
10 י (Yod) The elders of Daughter Zion sit on the ground in silence. They have thrown dirt on their heads; they have dressed in sackcloth. Jerusalem’s young women stare down at the ground. 11 כ (Kaf) My eyes are worn out from weeping; my stomach is in knots. My liver59 is poured out on the ground due to the destruction of my helpless people; children and infants faint in the town squares. 12 ל (Lamed) Children say to their mothers, “Where are food and drink?” They faint like a wounded warrior in the city squares. They die slowly in their mothers’ arms.
500–401 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Lamentations

References

"... the spilling liver has elicited a number of interpretative translations: “My heart is poured out” (NIV; NASB); “My being melts away” (JPS); “My spirit is torn asunder”; “My very grief is poured out.” Despite their differences, each interpretation understands the liver to be the seat of human emotions, an assumption confirmed by the surrounding context and its frequent use ..."
Justin Walker, The Power of Images: The Poetics of Violence in Lamentations 2 and Ancient Near Eastern Art (Leuven: Peeters, 2022), 80.
"... Psalm 108:1 ... the Hebrew may also mean “my glory,” but this makes little sense in the context. Some view the term כָּבוֹד (kavod, “glory”) here as a metonymy for man’s inner being, but it is preferable to emend the form to כְּבֵדִי (kvedi, “my liver”). Like the heart, the liver is viewed as the seat of one’s emotions. See also Psalm 16:9; 30:12; 57:9. For an Ugaritic example of the heart/liver as the source of joy, compare “her [Anat’s] liver swelled with laughter, her heart was filled with joy, the liver of Anat with triumph" ..."
W. Hall Harris, NET Bible (Biblical Studies, 2019), 561.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Psalm 57:8 and Lamentations 2:11

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