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Proverbs

About this book
Chapter 31

1 The words of King Lemuel, an oracle that his mother taught him: 2 O my son, O son of my womb, O son of my vows, 3 do not give your strength to women, nor your ways to that which ruins kings. 4 It is not for kings, O Lemuel, it is not for kings to drink wine or for rulers to crave strong drink, 5 lest they drink and forget what is decreed and remove from all the poor their legal rights. 6 Give strong drink to the one who is perishing and wine to those who are bitterly distressed; 7 let them drink and forget their poverty, and remember their misery no more. 8 Open your mouth on behalf of those unable to speak, for the legal rights of all the dying. 9 Open your mouth, judge in righteousness, and plead the cause of the poor and needy.⁠ 10 Who can find a wife of noble character? For her value is far more than rubies.⁠ 11 Her husband’s heart has trusted her, and he does not lack the dividends. 12 She has rewarded him with good and not harm all the days of her life. 13 She sought out wool and flax, then worked happily with her hands. 14 She was like the merchant ships; she would bring in her food from afar. 15 Then she rose while it was still night, and provided food for her household and a portion to her female servants. 16 She considered a field and bought it; from her own income she planted a vineyard.⁠ 17 She clothed herself in might, and she strengthened her arms. 18 She perceived that her merchandise was good. Her lamp would not go out in the night. 19 She extended her hands to the spool, and her hands grasped the spindle. 20 She opened her hand to the poor, and extended her hands to the needy.⁠ 21 She would not fear for her household in winter, because all her household were clothed with scarlet,⁠ 22 because she had made coverings for herself; and because her clothing was fine linen and purple. 23 Her husband is well known in the city gate when he sits with the elders of the land. 24 She made linen garments then sold them and traded belts to the merchants; 25 her clothing was strong and splendid; and she laughed at the time to come. 26 She has opened her mouth with wisdom, with loving instruction on her tongue. 27 Watching over the ways of her household, she would not eat the bread of idleness. 28 Her children have risen and called her blessed; her husband also has praised her: 29 “Many daughters have done valiantly, but you have surpassed them all!” 30 Charm is deceitful and beauty is fleeting. A woman who fears the Lord—she makes herself praiseworthy. 31 Give her credit for what she has accomplished, and let her works praise her in the city gates.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Isaiah 1:17 and Proverbs 31:9

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Isaiah urges people to learn what is right by protecting the orphan and widow, and Proverbs 31 gives a similar call to rulers to speak for those without power. Both place care for the vulnerable at the center of social duty.

Passages

Isaiah 1:17

Hebrew Bible
15 When you spread out your hands in prayer, I look the other way; when you offer your many prayers, I do not listen because your hands are covered with blood. 16 Wash! Cleanse yourselves! Remove your sinful deeds from my sight. Stop sinning. 17 Learn to do what is right. Promote justice. Give the oppressed reason to celebrate. Take up the cause of the orphan. Defend the rights of the widow. 18 “Come, let’s consider your options,” says the Lord. “Though your sins have stained you like the color red, you can become white like snow; though they are as easy to see as the color scarlet, you can become white like wool. 19 If you have a willing attitude and obey, then you will again eat the good crops of the land.
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

Proverbs 31:9

Hebrew Bible
7 let them drink and forget their poverty, and remember their misery no more. 8 Open your mouth on behalf of those unable to speak, for the legal rights of all the dying. 9 Open your mouth, judge in righteousness, and plead the cause of the poor and needy. 10 Who can find a wife of noble character? For her value is far more than rubies. 11 Her husband’s heart has trusted her, and he does not lack the dividends.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Proverbs

References

"... God is, in our text, 'standing up in council'; why is he not 'sitting,' as befits the leader of the divine assembly? Most likely, the term 'stand up' already suggests juridical action against the culprits (compare verse 8: 'rise up, God'; likewise in some psalms, e.g., 44:24-27). The divine council is a well-known institution in Ugaritic mythology. There, e.g., Baal stands up to give rousing speeches against his enemies (compare ANET, 130, 132 = Baal III, 10-13). The body of the psalm is taken up by direct address aimed at the 'gods' responsible for corrupted justice. The tenu špt pervades the whole psalm, from the first to the last line. The accusation ('how long?') happens because of chronic misjudgment in favor of the 'wicked' ones (verse 2b). This crime is demonstrated more clearly in a command to do justice (four imperatives in cross-position), which really implies only censure (verses 3-4). Surprisingly, we find the 'poor' and 'weak,' the social outcasts, in opposition to the 'wicked.' Unless the marginalized understand themselves in this psalm as the only legitimate community (Psalm 37), we have to explain this crucial juxtaposition. At this point we note a strong affinity of this censure with sapiential and D social ethos (compare 'lowly'; 'poor': Proverbs 10:15; 13:8, 23; 14:20, 31; 19:1, 7, 22; 21:13; 22:9; 'orphan'; 'miserable, poor': Deuteronomy 10:18; 15:4, 7, 9, 11; 16:11, 14; 24:12, 14, 15; 27:19; etc.). A very similar command to do what is right within an accusation is Isaiah 1:17 ..."
Erhard Gerstenberger, Psalms. Part 2, and Lamentations (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2001), 113–114.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Isaiah 1:17 and Proverbs 31:9

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