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Proverbs

About this book
Chapter 31

1 The words of King Lemuel, an oracle that his mother taught him: 2 O my son, O son of my womb, O son of my vows, 3 do not give your strength to women, nor your ways to that which ruins kings. 4 It is not for kings, O Lemuel, it is not for kings to drink wine or for rulers to crave strong drink, 5 lest they drink and forget what is decreed and remove from all the poor their legal rights. 6 Give strong drink to the one who is perishing and wine to those who are bitterly distressed; 7 let them drink and forget their poverty, and remember their misery no more. 8 Open your mouth on behalf of those unable to speak, for the legal rights of all the dying. 9 Open your mouth, judge in righteousness, and plead the cause of the poor and needy.⁠ 10 Who can find a wife of noble character? For her value is far more than rubies.⁠ 11 Her husband’s heart has trusted her, and he does not lack the dividends. 12 She has rewarded him with good and not harm all the days of her life. 13 She sought out wool and flax, then worked happily with her hands. 14 She was like the merchant ships; she would bring in her food from afar. 15 Then she rose while it was still night, and provided food for her household and a portion to her female servants. 16 She considered a field and bought it; from her own income she planted a vineyard.⁠ 17 She clothed herself in might, and she strengthened her arms. 18 She perceived that her merchandise was good. Her lamp would not go out in the night. 19 She extended her hands to the spool, and her hands grasped the spindle. 20 She opened her hand to the poor, and extended her hands to the needy.⁠ 21 She would not fear for her household in winter, because all her household were clothed with scarlet,⁠ 22 because she had made coverings for herself; and because her clothing was fine linen and purple. 23 Her husband is well known in the city gate when he sits with the elders of the land. 24 She made linen garments then sold them and traded belts to the merchants; 25 her clothing was strong and splendid; and she laughed at the time to come. 26 She has opened her mouth with wisdom, with loving instruction on her tongue. 27 Watching over the ways of her household, she would not eat the bread of idleness. 28 Her children have risen and called her blessed; her husband also has praised her: 29 “Many daughters have done valiantly, but you have surpassed them all!” 30 Charm is deceitful and beauty is fleeting. A woman who fears the Lord—she makes herself praiseworthy. 31 Give her credit for what she has accomplished, and let her works praise her in the city gates.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Deuteronomy 10:18 and Proverbs 31:20

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Deuteronomy 10 highlights care for the orphan, widow, and foreigner as a priority of divine justice, reflecting a biblical concern for the vulnerable. Proverbs 31 uses this language to praise the ideal woman, who opens her hand to the poor and needy.

Passages

Deuteronomy 10:18

Hebrew Bible
17 For the Lord your God is God of gods and Lord of lords, the great, mighty, and awesome God who is unbiased and takes no bribe, 18 who justly treats the orphan and widow, and who loves resident foreigners, giving them food and clothing. 19 So you must love the resident foreigner because you were foreigners in the land of Egypt.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

Proverbs 31:20

Hebrew Bible
18 She perceived that her merchandise was good. Her lamp would not go out in the night. 19 She extended her hands to the spool, and her hands grasped the spindle. 20 She opened her hand to the poor, and extended her hands to the needy. 21 She would not fear for her household in winter, because all her household were clothed with scarlet, 22 because she had made coverings for herself; and because her clothing was fine linen and purple.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Proverbs

References

"... The Exodus is seen as the ultimate act of divine justice in the Hebrew Bible, because it is an act of God that overthrows the totalitarian rule of the Pharaoh (in respect of the Israelites) and frees them from slavery. For this reason, ‘the entire history of Israel under God is subordinated to one purpose—righteousness expressed in justice’ ... This is reflected in Psalm 146:7–9, a song of praise ... Justice is envisaged as a mighty, surging river, like the River Jordan in full flood. It illustrates that justice is not a static state (like the scales of Justicia) but an intervening power: it strikes and changes, restores and heals. It is dynamic, rushing onwards, bringing life to a parched land. Justice has transformative potential. Against this background, the treatment of the least favoured in society becomes the fundamental criterion for achieving justice. The triumvirate of ‘the alien, the fatherless and the widow’ are the object of God’s special concern (Deuteronomy 10:18). Accordingly, they are to be the people’s focus also ..."
Jonathan Burnside, “The Spirit of Biblical Law,” Oxford Journal of Law and Religion 1.1 (2012): 1–25.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Deuteronomy 10:18 and Proverbs 31:20

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