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Proverbs

About this book
Chapter 30

1 The words of Agur, the son of Jakeh; an oracle: This man says to Ithiel, to Ithiel and to Ukal: 2 Surely I am more brutish than any other human being, and I do not have human understanding; 3 I have not learned wisdom, nor can I have knowledge of the Holy One. 4 Who has ascended into heaven, and then descended? Who has gathered up the winds in his fists? Who has bound up the waters in his cloak? Who has established all the ends of the earth? What is his name, and what is his son’s name? Surely you can know! 5 Every word of God is purified; he is like a shield for those who take refuge in him. 6 Do not add to his words, lest he reprove you and prove you to be a liar.⁠ 7 Two things I have asked from you; do not refuse me before I die: 8 Remove falsehood and lies far from me; do not give me poverty or riches; feed me with my allotted portion of bread,⁠ 9 lest I become satisfied and act deceptively and say, “Who is the Lord?” Or lest I become poor and steal and demean the name of my God. 10 Do not slander a servant to his master, lest he curse you, and you are found guilty. 11 There is a generation who curse their fathers and do not bless their mothers. 12 There is a generation who are pure in their own opinion and yet are not washed from their filthiness. 13 There is a generation whose eyes are so lofty and whose eyelids are lifted up disdainfully. 14 There is a generation whose teeth are like swords and whose molars are like knives to devour the poor from the earth and the needy from among the human race. 15 The leech has two daughters: “Give! Give!” There are three things that will never be satisfied, four that have never said, “Enough”— 16 the grave, the barren womb; earth has not been satisfied with water;⁠ and fire has never said, “Enough!”⁠ 17 The eye that mocks at a father and despises obeying a mother—the ravens of the valley will peck it out, and the young vultures will eat it. 18 There are three things that are too wonderful for me, four that I do not understand: 19 the way of an eagle in the sky, the way of a snake on a rock, the way of a ship in the sea, and the way of a man with a woman. 20 This is the way of an adulterous woman: She has eaten and wiped her mouth and has said, “I have not done wrong.” 21 Under three things the earth has trembled, and under four things it cannot bear up: 22 under a servant who becomes king, under a fool who becomes stuffed with food, 23 under an unloved woman who becomes married, and under a female servant who dispossesses her mistress. 24 There are four things on earth that are small, but they are exceedingly wise: 25 Ants are creatures with little strength, but they prepare their food in the summer; 26 rock badgers are creatures with little power, but they make their homes in the crags; 27 locusts have no king, but they all go forward by ranks; 28 a lizard you can catch with the hand, but it gets into the palaces of the king. 29 There are three things that are magnificent in their step, four things that move about magnificently: 30 a lion, mightiest of the beasts, who does not retreat from anything; 31 a strutting rooster, a male goat, and a king with his army around him. 32 If you have done foolishly by exalting yourself or if you have planned evil, put your hand over your mouth! 33 For as the churning of milk produces butter and as punching the nose produces blood, so stirring up anger produces strife.

Texts in conversation

Compare KTU 1.5 II:4 and Proverbs 30:16

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Proverbs 30 places the appetite of Death known from the Baal Cycle among everyday examples of things that never have enough, bringing an older divine threat into practical wisdom.

Passages

KTU 1.5 II:4

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
[…] He extends a lip to the earth, a lip to the heavens, he extends a tongue to the stars. Baal must enter his belly, down into hs mouth he must go, since he scorched the olive, the produce of the earth, and the fruit of the trees. Valiant Baal was afraid of him; Valiant Warrior was in dread of him. Depart, say to divine Mot, declare to the Beloved of El, the hero: Message of Valiant Baal, word of Valiant Warrior: Greetings, O divine Mot, your servant am I, and forever. The gods departed and did not stay. Then they set their faces towards divine Mot (death), towards his city Muddy, a pit the seat of his enthronement, a crevice the land of his inheritance. They lifted lip their voices and cried: Message of Valiant Baal, word of Valiant Warrior: Greetings, O divine Mot, your servant am I, and forever so.
1350–1185 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in KTU

Proverbs 30:16

Hebrew Bible
15 The leech has two daughters: “Give! Give!” There are three things that will never be satisfied, four that have never said, “Enough”— 16 the grave, the barren womb; earth has not been satisfied with water; and fire has never said, “Enough!” 17 The eye that mocks at a father and despises obeying a mother—the ravens of the valley will peck it out, and the young vultures will eat it. 18 There are three things that are too wonderful for me, four that I do not understand: 19 the way of an eagle in the sky, the way of a snake on a rock, the way of a ship in the sea, and the way of a man with a woman. 20 This is the way of an adulterous woman: She has eaten and wiped her mouth and has said, “I have not done wrong.”
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Proverbs

References

“... Th ere is some mythology of Death in the Psalms ( DDD 598–603), but unlike the Baal-Mot confl ict in the Baal Cycle, it is not represented as a matter of confl ict between Yahweh and Death personifi ed. Still some imagery for Death in the Psalms (141:7; cf. Isa. 5:14; Hab. 2:5; Prov. 1:12; 27:20; 30:15–16) echoes the traditional language found in the Baal Cycle: “One lip to the earth, one lip to the heavens; . . . his tongue to the stars. Baal must enter inside him; he must go down into his mouth” (KTU 1.5 II 2–5, SAC 141; cf. KTU 1.23.61–63, SAC 165). Th is mythic image of the cosmic enemy’s ravenous mouth is transferred to descriptions of human enemies (Ps. 73:9; cf. Isa 9:19). Another image of Death represents him as a shepherd leading people to the underworld (Ps. 49:15[14]); this metaphor has been read in light of the warning not to get too close to Death so that he not take “like a lamb in his mouth” (KTU 1.4 VIII 14–20, SAC 138). ...”
Mark S. Smith, “Canaanite Backgrounds to the Psalms,” in The Oxford Handbook of the Psalms, ed. William P. Brown (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 52.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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KTU 1.5 II:4 and Proverbs 30:16

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