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Moralia

About this book
Chapter 2

And yet the illustration of such common use by brothers Nature has placed at no great distance from us; on the contrary, in the body itself she has contrived to make most of the necessary parts double and brothers and twins: hands, feet, eyes, ears, nostrils; and she has thus taught us that she has divided them in this fashion for mutual preservation and assistance, not for variance and strife. And when she separated the very hands into a number of unequal fingers, she supplied men with the most accurate and skilful of instruments, so that Anaxagoras of olHd assigned the reason for man's wisdom and intelligence to his having hands. The contrary of this, however, seems to be true: it is not because man acquired hands that he is wisest of animals; it is because by nature he was endowed with reason and skill that he acquired instruments of a nature adapted to these powers. And this fact is obvious to everyone: Nature from one seed and one source has created two brothers, or three, or more, not for difference and opposition to each other, but that by being separate they might the more readily co-operate with one another. For indeed creatures that had three bodies and an hundred hands, if any such were ever really born, being joined together in all their members, could do nothing independently and apart from one another, as may brothers, who can either remain at home or reside abroad, as well as undertake public office and husbandry through each other's help if they but preserve that principle of goodwill and concord which Nature has given them. But if they do not, they will differ not at all, I think, from feet which trip up one another and fingers which are unnaturally entwined and twisted by each other. But rather, just as in the same body the combination of moist and dry, cold and hot, sharing one nature and diet, by their consent and agreement engender the best and most pleasant temperament and bodily harmony - without which, they say, there is not any joy or profit either "in wealth" or In that kingly rule which makes men Like to gods - but if overreaching and factious strife be engendered in them, they corrupt and destroy the animal most shamefully; so through the concord of brothers both family and household are sound and flourish, and friends and intimates, like an harmonious choir,⁠ neither do say, nor think, anything discordant; Even the base wins honour in a feud: a slandering servant, or a flatterer who slips in from outside, or a malignant citizen. For as diseases in bodies which cannot accept their proper diet engender cravings for many strange and harmful foods, so slander and suspicion entertained against kinsmen ushers in evil and pernicious associations which flow in from outside to fill the vacant room.

Texts in conversation

Compare 4 Maccabees 14:6 and Plutarch, Moralia 479

Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry · Classical

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Summary

In 4 Maccabees, the seven brothers who die together are praised for their unity, moving like a body under one mind. The Greek philosopher Plutarch describes that same total harmony the thing that keeps a family and household together.

Passages

4 Maccabees 14:6

Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry
3 What a holy and harmonious symphony of the seven brothers for the sake of piety! 4 None of the seven young men turned coward or shrank back from death. 5 Instead, all of them, as though running on the road to immortality, hurried toward death by torture. 6 Just as the hands and feet move in harmony with the soul’s direction, so those holy boys, as though moved by the immortal soul of piety, agreed together to die for its sake. 7 Most holy seven, brothers in harmony! For just as the seven days of creation encircle piety, 8 so the boys, dancing in a circle around the number seven, broke the fear of torture.
19–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 4 Maccabees

Plutarch, Moralia 479

Classical
In that kingly rule which makes men Like to gods - but if overreaching and factious strife be engendered in them, they corrupt and destroy the animal most shamefully; so through the concord of brothers both family and household are sound and flourish, and friends and intimates, like an harmonious choir, neither do say, nor think, anything discordant;
75–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Plutarch, Moralia

References

“... Harmony: Sharing ideals and sharing possessions. Essential words in the discussion of kinship ties were harmony, concord and unity (in expressions like “being of one soul,” “one mind” and the like). Again focusing on the relationship of siblings, Plutarch writes that “through the concord of brothers both family and household are sound and flourish, and friends and intimates, like a harmonious choir, neither do nor say, nor think, anything discordant” (“On Fraternal Affection” 2 [Mor. 479A]). Such an ideal is just as widely cherished in Jewish culture, from the famous opening of Psalm 133, which declares “How good, how pleasant it is for brothers and sisters to live in unity” (Ps 133:1, my translation) to the celebration in 4 Maccabees of the unanimous decision of seven brothers to accept martyrdom for the sake of keeping Torah: “O sacred and harmonious concord of the seven brothers on behalf of religion! . . . Just as the hands and feet are moved in harmony with the guidance of the mind, so those holy youths . . . agreed to go to death for [piety’s] sake. O most holy seven, brothers in harmony!” (4 Macc 14:3, 6-7) ...”
David A. deSilva, Honor, Patronage, Kinship & Purity: Unlocking New Testament Culture (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2000), 169.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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4 Maccabees 14:6 and Plutarch, Moralia 479

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