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On Dreams, Book 1

About this book
Chapter 40

(1.231) And a proof of this may be found in the oracular answer given by God to the person who asked his name, "I am that I Am," so that the questioner might recognize God's existence, since nothing in God can be comprehended by man. (1.232) So to the incorporeal souls engaged in his service it is natural for him to appear as he is, conversing with them as a friend with his friends; but to those souls which are still in the body he must appear in the resemblance of the angels, though without changing his nature⁠ (for he is unchangeable), but merely implanting in those who see him the idea that he has another form, so that they imagine it is his image, not an imitation of him, but the very archetypal appearance itself. (1.233) There is, then, a much celebrated old story that the Divinity, assuming the resemblance of men of different countries, goes around the different cities of men, searching out the deeds of iniquity and lawlessness; and perhaps, though the fable is not true, it is a suitable and profitable one. (1.234) But the scripture, which always presents its conceptions of the Deity in a more reverent and holy tone, and which also desires to instruct the life of the foolish, has spoken of God under the likeness of a man, though not of any particular man; (1.235) attributing to him, for this purpose, a face, and hands, and feet, and of a mouth and voice, and also anger and passion, and moreover, defensive weapons, and goings in and goings out, and motions upwards and downwards, and in every direction, not using all these expressions with strict truth, but with a view to the benefit of those who are to learn from it; (1.236) for the writers knew that some men are by nature so dull that they are utterly unable to form any conception of God apart from a body, and that such men could not be admonished if the writers spoke in any style other than the existing one, which represents God as coming and departing like a man; and as descending and ascending, and as using his voice, and as being angry with sinners, and being implacable in his anger; and speaking too of his darts and swords, and whatever other instruments are fit for use against the wicked, as all ready in advance. (1.237) For we must be content if such men can be brought to a proper state by the fear that such descriptions hold over them; and one may almost say that these are the only two paths taken, in the whole history of the law; one leading to plain truth, which gives us such assertions as, "God is not as a man;" the other, the path that has regard to the opinions of foolish men, about whom it is said, "The Lord God shall instruct you, as if a man instructs his son."

Book 2

Texts in conversation

Compare Philo, On Dreams 1.232 and 1 Corinthians 11:10

Classical · New Testament

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Summary

Philo teaches that unembodied souls may see God directly, but embodied souls can only see him as an angel, an appearance adapted to human limitation. In 1 Corinthians, Paul refers to angels in worship, using similar language of angelic mediation.

Passages

Philo, On Dreams 1.232

Classical
(1.231) And a proof of this may be found in the oracular answer given by God to the person who asked his name, "I am that I Am," so that the questioner might recognize God's existence, since nothing in God can be comprehended by man. (1.232) So to the incorporeal souls engaged in his service it is natural for him to appear as he is, conversing with them as a friend with his friends; but to those souls which are still in the body he must appear in the resemblance of the angels, though without changing his nature (for he is unchangeable), but merely implanting in those who see him the idea that he has another form, so that they imagine it is his image, not an imitation of him, but the very archetypal appearance itself. (1.233) There is, then, a much celebrated old story that the Divinity, assuming the resemblance of men of different countries, goes around the different cities of men, searching out the deeds of iniquity and lawlessness; and perhaps, though the fable is not true, it is a suitable and profitable one.
20–50 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Philo, On Dreams Book 1

1 Corinthians 11:10

New Testament
7 For a man should not have his head covered, since he is the image and glory of God. But the woman is the glory of the man. 8 For man did not come from woman, but woman from man. 9 Neither was man created for the sake of woman, but woman for man. 10 For this reason a woman should have a symbol of authority on her head, because of the angels. 11 In any case, in the Lord woman is not independent of man, nor is man independent of woman. 12 For just as woman came from man, so man comes through woman. But all things come from God.
55–57 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Corinthians

References

"... Paul also gives another rationale for his admonition to the women - 'because of the angels.' Since the subtexts of this passage are the creation stories, the mysterious angels of verse 10 should probably be understood in connection with these stories. Paul's reference to angels may be to the cherubim who guarded Adam and Eve from approaching the tree of life (Genesis 3:24). Since the angels' former role of separating men and women from the tree of life (Genesis 3:24) is abrogated in this time when the end of the ages has come (1 Corinthians 10:11), they are now present at worship? Whether or not Paul considered that precisely the same angels who used to guard the tree of life were present at the worship, in light of the Jewish-Hellenistic orientation of his readers, Paul's appeal to the angels is a reminder of God as creator (Cher. 27-28) and of God's beneficent and revelatory presence with the worshipers? Philo considers that God cannot communicate directly as "friend with friends" with souls who are still in the body and so God gives "Himself the likeness of angels" (Somnium 1.232). Paul affirms that angels are present with women who are experiencing their salvation in gifted intimacy with God through prayer and prophecy ..."
L. Ann Jervis, “‘But I Want You to Know…’: Paul’s Midrashic Intertextual Response to the Corinthian Worshipers (1 Cor 11:2–16),” JBL 112.2 (1993): 231–246.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Philo, On Dreams 1.232 and 1 Corinthians 11:10

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