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1 Corinthians

About this book
Chapter 11

1 Be imitators of me, just as I also am of Christ. 2 I praise you because you remember me in everything and maintain the traditions just as I passed them on to you. 3 But I want you to know that Christ is the head of every man, and the man is the head of a woman, and God is the head of Christ. 4 Any man who prays or prophesies with his head covered disgraces his head. 5 But any woman who prays or prophesies with her head uncovered disgraces her head, for it is one and the same thing as having a shaved head.⁠ 6 For if a woman will not cover her head, she should cut off her hair. But if it is disgraceful for a woman to have her hair cut off or her head shaved, she should cover her head. 7 For a man should not have his head covered, since he is the image and glory of God. But the woman is the glory of the man. 8 For man did not come from woman, but woman from man. 9 Neither was man created for the sake of woman, but woman for man. 10 For this reason a woman should have a symbol of authority on her head, because of the angels.⁠ 11 In any case, in the Lord woman is not independent of man, nor is man independent of woman.⁠ 12 For just as woman came from man, so man comes through woman. But all things come from God. 13 Judge for yourselves: Is it proper for a woman to pray to God with her head uncovered? 14 Does not nature itself teach you that if a man has long hair, it is a disgrace for him, 15 but if a woman has long hair, it is her glory? For her hair is given to her for a covering. 16 If anyone intends to quarrel about this, we have no other practice, nor do the churches of God. 17 Now in giving the following instruction I do not praise you, because you come together not for the better but for the worse. 18 For in the first place, when you come together as a church I hear there are divisions among you, and in part I believe it. 19 For there must in fact be divisions among you, so that those of you who are approved may be evident. 20 Now when you come together at the same place, you are not really eating the Lord’s Supper. 21 For when it is time to eat, everyone proceeds with his own supper. One is hungry and another becomes drunk.⁠ 22 Do you not have houses so that you can eat and drink? Or are you trying to show contempt for the church of God by shaming those who have nothing? What should I say to you? Should I praise you? I will not praise you for this! 23 For I received from the Lord what I also passed on to you, that the Lord Jesus on the night in which he was betrayed took bread, 24 and after he had given thanks he broke it and said, “This is my body, which is for you. Do this in remembrance of me.” 25 In the same way, he also took the cup after supper, saying, “This cup is the new covenant in my blood. Do this, every time you drink it, in remembrance of me.” 26 For every time you eat this bread and drink the cup, you proclaim the Lord’s death until he comes. 27 For this reason, whoever eats the bread or drinks the cup of the Lord in an unworthy manner will be guilty of the body and blood of the Lord.⁠ 28 A person should examine himself first, and in this way let him eat the bread and drink of the cup. 29 For the one who eats and drinks without careful regard for the body eats and drinks judgment against himself.⁠ 30 That is why many of you are weak and sick, and quite a few are dead. 31 But if we examined ourselves, we would not be judged. 32 But when we are judged by the Lord, we are disciplined so that we may not be condemned with the world. 33 So then, my brothers and sisters, when you come together to eat, wait for one another. 34 If anyone is hungry, let him eat at home, so that when you assemble it does not lead to judgment. I will give directions about other matters when I come.

Texts in conversation

Compare Philo, On Dreams 1.232 and 1 Corinthians 11:10

Classical · New Testament

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Summary

Philo teaches that unembodied souls may see God directly, but embodied souls can only see him as an angel, an appearance adapted to human limitation. In 1 Corinthians, Paul refers to angels in worship, using similar language of angelic mediation.

Passages

Philo, On Dreams 1.232

Classical
(1.231) And a proof of this may be found in the oracular answer given by God to the person who asked his name, "I am that I Am," so that the questioner might recognize God's existence, since nothing in God can be comprehended by man. (1.232) So to the incorporeal souls engaged in his service it is natural for him to appear as he is, conversing with them as a friend with his friends; but to those souls which are still in the body he must appear in the resemblance of the angels, though without changing his nature (for he is unchangeable), but merely implanting in those who see him the idea that he has another form, so that they imagine it is his image, not an imitation of him, but the very archetypal appearance itself. (1.233) There is, then, a much celebrated old story that the Divinity, assuming the resemblance of men of different countries, goes around the different cities of men, searching out the deeds of iniquity and lawlessness; and perhaps, though the fable is not true, it is a suitable and profitable one.
20–50 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Philo, On Dreams Book 1

1 Corinthians 11:10

New Testament
7 For a man should not have his head covered, since he is the image and glory of God. But the woman is the glory of the man. 8 For man did not come from woman, but woman from man. 9 Neither was man created for the sake of woman, but woman for man. 10 For this reason a woman should have a symbol of authority on her head, because of the angels. 11 In any case, in the Lord woman is not independent of man, nor is man independent of woman. 12 For just as woman came from man, so man comes through woman. But all things come from God.
55–57 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Corinthians

References

"... Paul also gives another rationale for his admonition to the women - 'because of the angels.' Since the subtexts of this passage are the creation stories, the mysterious angels of verse 10 should probably be understood in connection with these stories. Paul's reference to angels may be to the cherubim who guarded Adam and Eve from approaching the tree of life (Genesis 3:24). Since the angels' former role of separating men and women from the tree of life (Genesis 3:24) is abrogated in this time when the end of the ages has come (1 Corinthians 10:11), they are now present at worship? Whether or not Paul considered that precisely the same angels who used to guard the tree of life were present at the worship, in light of the Jewish-Hellenistic orientation of his readers, Paul's appeal to the angels is a reminder of God as creator (Cher. 27-28) and of God's beneficent and revelatory presence with the worshipers? Philo considers that God cannot communicate directly as "friend with friends" with souls who are still in the body and so God gives "Himself the likeness of angels" (Somnium 1.232). Paul affirms that angels are present with women who are experiencing their salvation in gifted intimacy with God through prayer and prophecy ..."
L. Ann Jervis, “‘But I Want You to Know…’: Paul’s Midrashic Intertextual Response to the Corinthian Worshipers (1 Cor 11:2–16),” JBL 112.2 (1993): 231–246.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Philo, On Dreams 1.232 and 1 Corinthians 11:10

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