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Philippians

About this book
Chapter 3

1 Finally, my brothers and sisters, rejoice in the Lord! To write this again is no trouble to me, and it is a safeguard for you. 2 Beware of the dogs, beware of the evil workers, beware of those who mutilate the flesh! 3 For we are the circumcision, the ones who worship by the Spirit of God, exult in Christ Jesus, and do not rely on human credentials 4 —though mine, too, are significant. If someone thinks he has good reasons to put confidence in human credentials, I have more: 5 I was circumcised on the eighth day, from the people of Israel and the tribe of Benjamin, a Hebrew of Hebrews. I lived according to the law as a Pharisee. 6 In my zeal for God I persecuted the church. According to the righteousness stipulated in the law I was blameless. 7 But these assets I have come to regard as liabilities because of Christ. 8 More than that, I now regard all things as liabilities compared to the far greater value of knowing Christ Jesus my Lord, for whom I have suffered the loss of all things —indeed, I regard them as dung!—that I may gain Christ 9 and be found in him, not because I have my own righteousness derived from the law, but because I have the righteousness that comes by way of Christ’s faithfulness—a righteousness from God that is in fact based on Christ’s faithfulness. 10 My aim is to know him, to experience the power of his resurrection, to share in his sufferings, and to be like him in his death, 11 and so, somehow, to attain to the resurrection from the dead. 12 Not that I have already attained this—that is, I have not already been perfected—but I strive to lay hold of that for which Christ Jesus also laid hold of me. 13 Brothers and sisters, I do not consider myself to have attained this. Instead I am single-minded: Forgetting the things that are behind and reaching out for the things that are ahead, 14 with this goal in mind, I strive toward the prize of the upward call of God in Christ Jesus. 15 Therefore let those of us who are “perfect” embrace this point of view. If you think otherwise, God will reveal to you the error of your ways. 16 Nevertheless, let us live up to the standard that we have already attained. 17 Be imitators of me, brothers and sisters, and watch carefully those who are living this way, just as you have us as an example. 18 For many live, about whom I have often told you, and now, with tears, I tell you that they are the enemies of the cross of Christ.⁠ 19 Their end is destruction, their god is the belly, they exult in their shame, and they think about earthly things. 20 But our citizenship is in heaven—and⁠ we also eagerly await a savior from there, the Lord Jesus Christ,⁠ 21 who will transform these humble bodies of ours into the likeness of his glorious body by means of that power by which he is able to subject all things to himself.

Texts in conversation

Compare 1QS 11:7 and Philippians 3:20

Dead Sea Scrolls, Sectarian and Community Texts · New Testament

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Summary

The Dead Sea Scrolls describe their community as part of a divine council, following a heavenly political order. Philippians similarly describes citizenship in heaven, using political language to describe belonging to a divine government.

Passages

1QS 11:7

Dead Sea Scrolls, Sectarian and Community Texts · Community Rule
5 the rock of my steps, and his might is the staff of my right hand. And from the source of his righteousness comes my judgment, a light in my heart from his wonderful mysteries. On what is forever 6 my eye has looked: sound wisdom that is hidden from humankind, knowledge and prudent discretion hidden from the sons of Adam, a source of righteousness and a reservoir of 7 might, with a spring of glory hidden from the assembly of flesh. To those whom God has chosen he has given them as an eternal possession, and he has given them an inheritance in the lot of 8 the holy ones, and with the sons of heaven he has joined their assembly, for a council of the community and an assembly of a holy building, for an eternal planting through every 9 age that comes to be. But I belong to wicked humankind and to the assembly of iniquitous flesh. My iniquities, my transgressions, my sins, … with the perversity of my heart,
160–100 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1QS

Philippians 3:20

New Testament
17 Be imitators of me, brothers and sisters, and watch carefully those who are living this way, just as you have us as an example. 18 For many live, about whom I have often told you, and now, with tears, I tell you that they are the enemies of the cross of Christ. 19 Their end is destruction, their god is the belly, they exult in their shame, and they think about earthly things. 20 But our citizenship is in heaven—and we also eagerly await a savior from there, the Lord Jesus Christ, 21 who will transform these humble bodies of ours into the likeness of his glorious body by means of that power by which he is able to subject all things to himself.
56–63 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Philippians

References

"... For those who belong to the group around the apocalyptic seer, the description in Philippians 3:20–21 reveals to them the only true perspective, the hope they have of transformation into heavenly bodies ... This passage contains a set of unusual conceptions. Πολίτευμα is a term drawn out of antique political theory and practice describing “a body of citizens with political rights.” A person belonging to the πολίτευμα is per definition active in the politics of a given group or community, which means that this person may vote, take part in public assemblies and the public cult, and may receive, give thanks for and spend benefactions. Platonic-Stoic philosophy developed the conception of the heavenly politeuma. On the one hand, it portrays the heavens as the ultimate example of political order, which is to be imitated by humankind. On the other hand, the heavens are also the true home of the wise from which they have come and to which they shall return after their educational sojourn on earth. Philippians 3:20–21 does not, however, speak of a homeward ascent for believers. On the contrary, “a body of politically active citizens” seems already to exist in heaven (ἐν οὐρανοῖς ὑπάρχει). This very much calls to mind the community of the Dead Sea, which saw itself as already taking part in the heavenly assembly of angels ... The assembly of the angels has a cultic character, yet its description asסוד takes up political language, and thus, reflects antique conceptions of the cultic functions performed by politically elected representatives ..."
Angela Standhartinger, “Apocalyptic Thought in Philippians,” in The Jewish Apocalyptic Tradition and the Shaping of New Testament Thought, ed. Loren T. Stuckenbruck (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2017), 233–244.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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1QS 11:7 and Philippians 3:20

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