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1QS

Community Rule

About this book

Column 11

1 understanding to those who stray in spirit, and to give insight in teaching to those who grumble, and to answer with humility before the haughty in spirit, and with a broken spirit to the men of 2 the rod, who point the finger and speak wickedness and are zealous for wealth. As for me, my judgment belongs to God, and in his hand is the perfection of my way with the uprightness of my heart,⁠ 3 and by his righteous acts he will wipe out my transgression. For from the source of his knowledge he has opened his light, and my eye has looked on his wonders, and the light of my heart is in the mystery of 4 what will be and what is forever. The support of my right hand is on a strong rock; the way of my steps will not be shaken by anything. For the truth of God is 5 the rock of my steps, and his might is the staff of my right hand. And from the source of his righteousness comes my judgment, a light in my heart from his wonderful mysteries. On what is forever 6 my eye has looked: sound wisdom that is hidden from humankind, knowledge and prudent discretion hidden from the sons of Adam, a source of righteousness and a reservoir of 7 might, with a spring of glory hidden from the assembly of flesh. To those whom God has chosen he has given them as an eternal possession, and he has given them an inheritance in the lot of⁠ 8 the holy ones, and with the sons of heaven he has joined their assembly, for a council of the community and an assembly of a holy building, for an eternal planting through every 9 age that comes to be. But I belong to wicked humankind and to the assembly of iniquitous flesh. My iniquities, my transgressions, my sins, … with the perversity of my heart, 10 belong to the assembly of worms and those who walk in darkness. For a human’s way is not his own, and a man does not direct his own step. For judgment belongs to God, and from his hand 11 comes perfection of way. By his knowledge everything comes to be, and all that exists he establishes by his design, and without him nothing is done.⁠ As for me, if 12 I stumble, the kindnesses of God are my salvation forever. And if I fall through the iniquity of flesh, my judgment will stand in the righteousness of God for all time. 13 And if my distress breaks out, he will rescue my soul from the pit and make my steps firm on the way. In his compassion he has brought me near, and by his kindnesses comes 14 my judgment. In his true righteousness he has judged me, and in his great goodness he will atone for all my iniquities, and in his righteousness he will cleanse me from the impurity of 15 humankind and the sin of the sons of Adam, to give thanks to God for his righteousness and to the Most High for his splendor. Blessed are you, my God, who opens to knowledge 16 the heart of your servant. Establish all his works in righteousness, and grant to the son of your handmaid, as you have been pleased to do for the chosen of humankind, to stand 17 before you forever. For without you no way is perfect, and without your will nothing is done. You have taught 18 all knowledge, and everything that has come to be exists by your will. And there is no other apart from you to answer your counsel, or to have insight 19 into all your holy design, or to look into the depth of your mysteries, or to understand all your wonders, with the strength of 20 your might. Who can contain your glory? And what, indeed, is the son of Adam among your wonderful works? 21 And one born of a woman, how can he sit before you? He is kneaded from dust, and his dwelling is the food of worms. He is spat saliva, 22 pinched clay, and his longing is for the dust. What can clay answer, a thing shaped by hand? And what counsel can it understand?

Texts in conversation

Compare 1QS 11:7 and Philippians 3:20

Dead Sea Scrolls, Sectarian and Community Texts · New Testament

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Summary

The Dead Sea Scrolls describe their community as part of a divine council, following a heavenly political order. Philippians similarly describes citizenship in heaven, using political language to describe belonging to a divine government.

Passages

1QS 11:7

Dead Sea Scrolls, Sectarian and Community Texts · Community Rule
5 the rock of my steps, and his might is the staff of my right hand. And from the source of his righteousness comes my judgment, a light in my heart from his wonderful mysteries. On what is forever 6 my eye has looked: sound wisdom that is hidden from humankind, knowledge and prudent discretion hidden from the sons of Adam, a source of righteousness and a reservoir of 7 might, with a spring of glory hidden from the assembly of flesh. To those whom God has chosen he has given them as an eternal possession, and he has given them an inheritance in the lot of 8 the holy ones, and with the sons of heaven he has joined their assembly, for a council of the community and an assembly of a holy building, for an eternal planting through every 9 age that comes to be. But I belong to wicked humankind and to the assembly of iniquitous flesh. My iniquities, my transgressions, my sins, … with the perversity of my heart,
160–100 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1QS

Philippians 3:20

New Testament
17 Be imitators of me, brothers and sisters, and watch carefully those who are living this way, just as you have us as an example. 18 For many live, about whom I have often told you, and now, with tears, I tell you that they are the enemies of the cross of Christ. 19 Their end is destruction, their god is the belly, they exult in their shame, and they think about earthly things. 20 But our citizenship is in heaven—and we also eagerly await a savior from there, the Lord Jesus Christ, 21 who will transform these humble bodies of ours into the likeness of his glorious body by means of that power by which he is able to subject all things to himself.
56–63 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Philippians

References

"... For those who belong to the group around the apocalyptic seer, the description in Philippians 3:20–21 reveals to them the only true perspective, the hope they have of transformation into heavenly bodies ... This passage contains a set of unusual conceptions. Πολίτευμα is a term drawn out of antique political theory and practice describing “a body of citizens with political rights.” A person belonging to the πολίτευμα is per definition active in the politics of a given group or community, which means that this person may vote, take part in public assemblies and the public cult, and may receive, give thanks for and spend benefactions. Platonic-Stoic philosophy developed the conception of the heavenly politeuma. On the one hand, it portrays the heavens as the ultimate example of political order, which is to be imitated by humankind. On the other hand, the heavens are also the true home of the wise from which they have come and to which they shall return after their educational sojourn on earth. Philippians 3:20–21 does not, however, speak of a homeward ascent for believers. On the contrary, “a body of politically active citizens” seems already to exist in heaven (ἐν οὐρανοῖς ὑπάρχει). This very much calls to mind the community of the Dead Sea, which saw itself as already taking part in the heavenly assembly of angels ... The assembly of the angels has a cultic character, yet its description asסוד takes up political language, and thus, reflects antique conceptions of the cultic functions performed by politically elected representatives ..."
Angela Standhartinger, “Apocalyptic Thought in Philippians,” in The Jewish Apocalyptic Tradition and the Shaping of New Testament Thought, ed. Loren T. Stuckenbruck (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2017), 233–244.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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1QS 11:7 and Philippians 3:20

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