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Contra Celsum, Book 8

Against Celsus

About this book
Chapter 68

Next Celsus says that “one ought not to disbelieve an ancient man who long ago declared, ‘Let there be one king, to whom the son of crooked-counseling Cronus gave it.’” And he adds: “For if you undo this doctrine, the king will rightly punish you. For if all were to do the same as you, nothing would prevent him from being left alone and deserted, and the things on earth from falling into the hands of the most lawless and savage barbarians, and neither the fame of your worship nor of true wisdom would be left among human beings any longer.” Let there be one lord, then, one king, not the one “to whom the son of crooked-counseling Cronus gave it,” but the one to whom he gave it who sets up “kings and” removes them, “and raises up the useful man” on the earth at the right time;⁠ and it is not the son who, as Greek myths say, drove Cronus from power and cast him down into Tartarus, who sets up kings, not even if one allegorizes these passages; but God who governs all things knows what he does in the matter of the setting up of kings. We do, then, undo the doctrine, “to whom the son of crooked-counseling Cronus gave it,” since we are persuaded that God, or the Father of God, wishes nothing crooked or twisted. But we do not undo the doctrine about providence and about what happens by it, whether primarily or as consequences of other things. Nor would the king rightly punish us for saying that it was not the son of crooked-counseling Cronus who gave him his kingship, but he who removes “kings and” sets them up. And let all do the same as I do, overthrowing the Homeric doctrine, keeping the divine one about the king, and observing “Honor the king”; and on such a hypothesis the king will not be left alone, nor will he be deserted, nor will the things on earth be in the hands of the most lawless and savage barbarians. For if, as Celsus says, all were to do the same as I, clearly the barbarians too, having come to the Word of God, will be most law-abiding and most gentle; and every worship will be destroyed, and only that of the Christians will prevail; which indeed will one day alone prevail, as the Word continually wins more souls.

Texts in conversation

Compare Sirach 10:4 and Origen, Contra Celsum 8.68

Deuterocanon · Early Christian

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Summary

The Christian theologian Origen uses Sirach as an authoritative source for teaching, describing how government and justice depend on divine oversight. Jewish wisdom literature shaped Christian theology from its earliest centuries.

Passages

Sirach 10:4

Deuterocanon · Ben Sira, Ecclesiasticus
2 As is the judge of his people, so are his officials. As the city’s ruler is, so are all those who dwell in it. 3 An undisciplined king will destroy his people. A city will be established through the understanding of the powerful. 4 The government of the earth is in the Lord’s hand. In due time, he will raise up over it the right person at the right time. 5 A man’s prosperity is in the Lord’s hand. He will lay his honor upon the person of the scribe. 6 Don’t be angry with your neighbor for every wrong. Do nothing by works of violence.
195–180 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Sirach

Origen, Contra Celsum 8.68

Early Christian · Against Celsus
Next Celsus says that “one ought not to disbelieve an ancient man who long ago declared, ‘Let there be one king, to whom the son of crooked-counseling Cronus gave it.’” And he adds: “For if you undo this doctrine, the king will rightly punish you. For if all were to do the same as you, nothing would prevent him from being left alone and deserted, and the things on earth from falling into the hands of the most lawless and savage barbarians, and neither the fame of your worship nor of true wisdom would be left among human beings any longer.” Let there be one lord, then, one king, not the one “to whom the son of crooked-counseling Cronus gave it,” but the one to whom he gave it who sets up “kings and” removes them, “and raises up the useful man” on the earth at the right time; and it is not the son who, as Greek myths say, drove Cronus from power and cast him down into Tartarus, who sets up kings, not even if one allegorizes these passages; but God who governs all things knows what he does in the matter of the setting up of kings. We do, then, undo the doctrine,
248 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Origen, Contra Celsum 8

References

"... The Hebrew of Ben Sira was not included in the Jewish biblical canon. Testimony to its survival, however, is found in the numerous quotations of the book in rabbinic literature. Of course, the medieval manuscripts discovered in the Cairo Genizah constitute prima facie evidence for its continued existence in Hebrew. The Greek translation seems to have been influential in early Christianity, and it eventually was included in the Christian Old Testament (only to be excised by Protestants in the sixteenth century). Sirach is not cited explicitly in the New Testament, and scholars differ as to how much influence it had on the New Testament writings. Those who see broad influence have argued for it primarily in Matthew, Luke, some of Paul’s letters and the Epistle of James (compare Harrington, Invitation, p. 90; Schürer, History, vol. III.1, pp. 205–208). In other early Christian literature, Didache 4:5 and Barnabas 19:9 bear a very close resemblance to, and perhaps are taken from, Sirach 4:31. If these texts do depend on Sirach, they would be the earliest examples of direct Christian use of the book. A healthy number of Greek and Latin church fathers, including Clement of Alexandria, Origen, John Chrysostom, Tertullian, Jerome and Augustine, use Sirach in their writings, and as early as Clement of Alexandria Sirach is cited as scripture, demonstrating the high regard the book came to have in Christian tradition ..."
Daniel Ryan, “Sirach (Ecclesiasticus),” in The T&T Clark Companion to the Septuagint, ed. James K. Aitken, Bloomsbury Companions (London: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2015), 410–424.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Sirach 10:4 and Origen, Contra Celsum 8.68

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