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Onkelos Leviticus

About this book

Bodily Discharges and Ritual Purity

Chapter 15

1 And the Lord spoke with Moses and to Aaron, saying: 2 Speak with the sons of Israel, and say to them: When any man has a bodily discharge, he is unclean. 3 And this shall be his uncleanness by his discharge, when his discharge flows from his flesh, or his flesh is blocked from its flow, it is the cause of his uncleanness. 4 Every bed on which the man with the discharge lies shall be unclean; and anything on which he sits shall be unclean. 5 And whoever touches his bed shall wash his clothes, bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the evening. 6 And anyone who sits on something on which the man with the discharge has sat shall wash his clothes, and bathe in water, and be unclean until the evening. 7 And he who touches the flesh of the man with the discharge shall wash his clothes, and bathe in water, and be unclean until evening. 8 And if the man with the discharge spits on one who is clean, he shall wash his clothes, and bathe in water, and be unclean until evening. 9 And any saddle on which the man with the discharge rides shall be unclean; 10 and whoever touches any things that have been under him shall be unclean until evening; and he who carries them shall wash his clothes, and bathe in water, and be unclean until evening. 11 And anyone whom the man with the discharge touches without first rinsing his hands in water, shall wash his clothes, and bathe in water, and be unclean until evening. 12 And every clay pot which the man with the discharge may have touched shall be broken, and every vessel of wood shall be rinsed in water. 13 And when the man with the discharge is cleansed of it, he shall count seven days for his purification, and wash his clothes, and bathe his flesh in spring water, and be clean. 14 And on the eighth day let him take two turtledoves, or two young pigeons, and bring them before the Lord at the door of the Tent of Meeting, and give them to the priest. 15 And the priest shall offer them, one as a sin offering and one as a burnt offering; and the priest shall make atonement for him before the Lord, for his discharge. 16 And if a man has an emission of semen, he shall wash all his flesh with water, and be unclean until evening. 17 And any garment or any skin on which there is semen, shall be washed in water, and be unclean until evening. 18 If a man has intercourse with a woman and emits semen, they shall both bathe with water, and be unclean until evening. 19 If a woman has a bodily discharge of blood, her separation shall last seven days, and whoever touches her shall be unclean until evening. 20 And everything on which she lies in her separation shall be unclean, and anything that she sits on shall be unclean. 21 And anyone who touches her bed shall wash his clothes, and bathe in water, and be unclean until evening; 22 and anyone who touches something on which she has sat shall wash his clothes, and bathe in water, and be unclean until evening. 23 And if it is on her bed, or anything on which she has sat, when he has touched it, he shall be unclean until the evening. 24 And if a man lies with her, and her menstrual impurity is on him, he shall be unclean seven days, and any bed on which he lies shall be unclean. 25 And if a woman has a discharge of blood many days beyond the time of her separation, if it continues beyond her time of separation, all the days of her unclean discharge shall be as the days of her separation; she shall be unclean. 26 Any bed on which she lies all the days of her discharge shall be as the bed of her separation, and everything on which she sits shall be unclean as the uncleanness of her separation. 27 And whoever touches them shall be unclean, and shall wash his clothes, and bathe in water, and be unclean until evening. 28 But if she is cleansed from her discharge, then let her count seven days, and afterward she is clean. 29 And on the eighth day let her take for herself two turtledoves, or two young pigeons, and bring them to the priest at the door of the Tent of Meeting. 30 And the priest shall make the one a sin offering, and one a burnt offering, and the priest shall atone before the Lord for her unclean discharge. 31 And in this way you shall separate the children of Israel from their uncleanness, so that they do not die by defiling My Tabernacle which is among them. 32 This is the law for him who has a discharge, or who emits semen, and who is defiled by it; 33 and of a woman with a menstrual discharge; and of anyone with a flowing discharge, of the male and of the female, and of him who lies with her who is unclean.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Leviticus 15:33 and Onkelos Leviticus 15:33

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Leviticus 15 says that some bodily fluids make a person ritually impure, and the Aramaic Targum Onkelos preserves this. The translator could have said “illness” to focus on physical health but kept the ritual term, differing from later Rabbinic readings.

Passages

Leviticus 15:33

Hebrew Bible
31 “‘Thus you are to set the Israelites apart from their impurity so that they do not die in their impurity by defiling my tabernacle which is in their midst. 32 This is the law for the one with a discharge: for the one who has a seminal emission and becomes unclean by it, 33 for the one who is sick in her menstruation, for the one with a discharge, whether male or female, and for a man who goes to bed with an unclean woman.’”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Leviticus

Onkelos Leviticus 15:33

Targum
31 And in this way you shall separate the children of Israel from their uncleanness, so that they do not die by defiling My Tabernacle which is among them. 32 This is the law for him who has a discharge, or who emits semen, and who is defiled by it; 33 and of a woman with a menstrual discharge; and of anyone with a flowing discharge, of the male and of the female, and of him who lies with her who is unclean.
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Leviticus

References

"... Chapter 15 regulates behavior following normal and abnormal discharges of men and women. It calls them “impure.” Should we understand “impure” in a ritualistic sense, or may we interpret it as “unclean” and “unhealthy”? There is certainly a ritualistic element, since these conditions restrict the individual from approaching the Sanctuary. But is one of the underlying rationales for the commands—perhaps the principal reason—a health measure? In the appendix, we show that Maimonides felt that all four bodily discharges mentioned in this chapter are “possible sources of dirt and filth.” He mentioned several other benefits of the ritual restrictions produced by these conditions, all practical, designed to make life easier and more enjoyable. Is this the view of the Onkelos targumist? As we have frequently seen, our translator set his mind solely on giving the general public the simple meaning of the divine text in a language they understood. As interesting as our question may be, it was not on his agenda. In fact, in rendering verse 33, he could have translated davah literally as “illness,” as Radak did, and reflected Maimonides’ understanding, but he chose instead to use the biblical term “impure,” since this was the way the Bible called the conditions in all the other verses ..."
Israel Drazin and Stanley M. Wagner, Onkelos on the Torah, Leviticus: Understanding the Bible Text (Jerusalem: Gefen, 2008), 118.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Leviticus 15:33 and Onkelos Leviticus 15:33

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