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Onkelos Genesis

About this book

Isaac Sends Jacob Away

Chapter 28

1 And Isaac called Jacob and blessed him. And he commanded him, and said to him, You shall not take a wife from the daughters of Canaan; 2 arise, go to Paddan-aram to the house of Bethuel the father of your mother, and take a wife from there for yourself of the daughters of Laban, the brother of your mother. 3 And the All-sufficient God bless you, and make you increase and multiply and become an assembly of tribes; 4 and give the blessing of Abraham to you and your descendants with you, that you may inherit the land of your residence which the Lord gave to Abraham. 5 And Isaac sent Jacob away, and he went to Paddan-aram to Laban bar Bethuel, the Aramean, the brother of Rebekah, the mother of Jacob and Esau.

Esau Marries Mahalath

6 And Esau, when he saw that Isaac had blessed Jacob, and sent him to Paddan-aram to take from there a wife, and, as he blessed him, commanded him, saying, You shall not take a wife from the daughters of Canaan, 7 and that Jacob had obeyed his father and his mother, and had gone to Paddan-aram, 8 Esau, considering that the daughters of Canaan were evil in the eyes of Isaac his father, 9 went to Ishmael, and married Mahalath, daughter of Ishmael bar Abraham, the sister of Nebaioth, in addition to his other wives.

Jacob's Dream at Bethel

10 And Jacob set out from Beersheba, and went to Haran; 11 and he arrived at a place, and lodged there, because the sun had set. And he took some of the stones of the place, and placed them under his head, and lay down in that place. 12 And he dreamed: and, look, a ladder was planted in the earth, and its top reached to the height of heaven; and, look, the angels of the Lord ascended and descended on it; 13 and, look, the Glory of the Lord stood above it, and He said, I am the God of Abraham your father, and the God of Isaac. The land where you are sleeping, I will give to you and your descendants. 14 And your descendants shall be many as the dust of the earth, and shall prevail to the west and to the east, and to the north and to the south; and through you shall all the families of the earth be blessed, and through your descendants. 15 And, look, My Memra shall be your help, and I will guard you wherever you go, and I will bring you again to this land; for I will not leave you until I have done what I say to you. 16 And Jacob awoke from his sleep, and said, Truly the Glory of the Lord dwells in this place, and I did not know it.⁠ 17 And he was afraid and said, How awe-inspiring is this place! This place is not ordinary ground, but a place where there is pleasantness before the Lord; and this is near the gate of heaven. 18 And Jacob rose up early in the morning, and took the stone which he had set under his head, and set it up as a pillar, and poured oil on the top of it. 19 And he named that place Bethel. But Luz was the name of the city at first. 20 And Jacob vowed a vow, saying, If the Memra of the Lord will be my help, and will keep me in that way in which I go, and will give me bread to eat, and clothes to wear, 21 and bring me again in peace to my father's house, the Memra of the Lord shall be my God. 22 And I will worship at this stone which I have set up as a pillar before the Lord; and of all that You shall give me, I will set aside a tenth before You.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 28:16 and Onkelos Genesis 28:16

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

In Genesis 28, Jacob realizes that God is present in a specific place. The Aramaic translation in Targum Onkelos avoids implying God is confined there by speaking of God’s “glory” instead, following a pattern of removing physical descriptions of God.

Passages

Genesis 28:16

Hebrew Bible
15 I am with you! I will protect you wherever you go and will bring you back to this land. I will not leave you until I have done what I promised you!” 16 Then Jacob woke up and thought, “Surely the Lord is in this place, but I did not realize it!” 17 He was afraid and said, “What an awesome place this is! This is nothing else than the house of God! This is the gate of heaven!”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Onkelos Genesis 28:16

Targum
15 And, look, My Memra shall be your help, and I will guard you wherever you go, and I will bring you again to this land; for I will not leave you until I have done what I say to you. 16 And Jacob awoke from his sleep, and said, Truly the Glory of the Lord dwells in this place, and I did not know it. 17 And he was afraid and said, How awe-inspiring is this place! This place is not ordinary ground, but a place where there is pleasantness before the Lord; and this is near the gate of heaven.
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Genesis

References

"... “Glory” can also be used wherever the targumist wished to render any biblical text that suggested God was spatially located in a place, as in Genesis 28:16 (Onkelos, Neofiti) or Genesis 17:22 ... Usually, however, God’s local manifestation was denoted by the term “presence” ... Unlike the term “glory,” the term Shekhinah did not already have a long tradition behind it in Jewish theology, but the concept goes back to the biblical use of the verb used to denote the “dwelling” or local manifestation of God (Exodus 40:35; Deuteronomy 33:16) ..."
Edward M. Cook, “The Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible in the Targums,” in A Companion to Biblical Interpretation in Early Judaism, ed. Matthias Henze (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2012), 92–117.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 28:16 and Onkelos Genesis 28:16

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