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Onkelos Genesis

About this book

The Birth of Isaac

Chapter 21

1 And the Lord remembered Sarah as He had said; and the Lord did to Sarah as He had spoken. 2 And Sarah conceived and bore to Abraham a son in his old age, at the time of which the Lord had told him. 3 And Abraham named his son who was born to him, whom Sarah bore to him, Isaac. 4 And Abraham circumcised Isaac his son when he was eight days old, as the Lord had commanded him. 5 And Abraham was a hundred years old when Isaac his son was born to him. 6 And Sarah said, The Lord has made me glad; everyone who hears will give me joy. 7 And she said, Faithful is He who spoke to Abraham, and confirmed that Sarah would nurse children; for she has borne a son in his old age. 8 And the child grew, and was weaned; and Abraham made a great feast on the day when Isaac was weaned.

Hagar and Ishmael Leave

9 And Sarah observed the son of Hagar the Egyptian, whom she bore to Abraham, mocking. 10 And she said, Send away this female servant and her son; for the son of the female servant shall not inherit with my son, with Isaac. 11 And the matter deeply distressed Abraham, on account of his son. 12 And the Lord said to Abraham, Do not be distressed concerning the youth and concerning your female servant. Accept everything Sarah says to you, because your descendants shall be named through Isaac. 13 And also I will make the female servant's son a people, because he is your son. 14 And Abraham rose up in the morning, and took bread and a skin of water, and gave to Hagar, placing them on her shoulder, and gave her the boy and sent her away. And she went, and wandered in the desert of Beersheba. 15 And the water ran out in the skin; and she laid the youth under one of the trees, 16 and went and sat opposite him, about a bowshot away: for she said, I cannot watch the child die. And she sat opposite him, and lifted up her voice and wept. 17 And the voice of the youth was heard before the Lord; and the Angel of the Lord called to Hagar from the heavens, and said to her, What is wrong, Hagar? Do not fear, for the voice of the youth is heard before the Lord in the place where he is. 18 Get up, lift up the youth and hold him firmly by the hand, because I have appointed him to become a great people. 19 And the Lord opened her eyes, and she saw the well of waters, and went and filled the skin with water, and gave the youth to drink. 20 And the Memra of the Lord was the Helper of the youth, and he grew and lived in the wilderness, and became a skilled archer. 21 And he lived in the wilderness of Paran, and his mother found him a wife from the land of Egypt.

The Covenant at Beersheba

22 And it was at that time that Abimelech and Phicol, commander of his army, spoke to Abraham, saying, The Memra of the Lord is your Helper in everything you do;⁠ 23 and now swear to me here, by the Memra of the Lord, that you will not deceive me, nor with my son, nor with my grandson; and that according to the good which I have done to you, you will do with me and with the land in which you are a foreigner. 24 And Abraham said, I will swear. 25 And Abraham confronted Abimelech, on account of the well of waters which the servants of Abimelech had taken by force. 26 And Abimelech said, I did not know this had been done, and you had not told me; I have heard of it only today. 27 And Abraham took sheep and oxen, and gave to Abimelech, and the two of them made a covenant. 28 And Abraham made seven lambs stand apart; 29 and Abimelech said to Abraham, What are these seven lambs which you have made to stand apart? 30 And he said, You shall take the seven lambs from my hand, to testify for me that I dug that well. 31 Therefore he called that place Beersheba, because there they swore together. 32 And they made a covenant at Beersheba. And Abimelech and Phicol, the commander of his army, arose, and returned to the land of the Philistines. 33 And he planted a tree in Beersheba, and prayed there in the name of the Lord, the Most High God. 34 And Abraham stayed in the land of the Philistines many days.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 21:22 and Onkelos Genesis 21:22

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Genesis 21 says that God is with Abraham, but the Aramaic translation in Targum Onkelos says that the “Memra” is with him, following a pattern in the Targums of using it as an intermediary for God to remove physical depictions.

Passages

Genesis 21:22

Hebrew Bible
21 He lived in the wilderness of Paran. His mother found a wife for him from the land of Egypt. 22 At that time Abimelech and Phicol, the commander of his army, said to Abraham, “God is with you in all that you do. 23 Now swear to me right here in God’s name that you will not deceive me, my children, or my descendants. Show me, and the land where you are staying, the same loyalty that I have shown you.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Onkelos Genesis 21:22

Targum
21 And he lived in the wilderness of Paran, and his mother found him a wife from the land of Egypt. 22 And it was at that time that Abimelech and Phicol, commander of his army, spoke to Abraham, saying, The Memra of the Lord is your Helper in everything you do; 23 and now swear to me here, by the Memra of the Lord, that you will not deceive me, nor with my son, nor with my grandson; and that according to the good which I have done to you, you will do with me and with the land in which you are a foreigner.
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Genesis

References

"... Again, as with “glory,” the targumists use the “Presence” of God as a way of accounting for the wording of the Hebrew text, without the suggestion that God is visible or limited to one place; the Shekhinah both is and is not God. Besides “glory” and “presence,” the targumists use “word,” “command,” or “utterance” (Memra) to render speech by and about God. The use of Memra across the Targums is unsystematic, but the core of its meaning seems to be that God acts in and through his powerful commands, so that in any context of God’s speech or action the Memra, like “glory” and “presence,” can stand for God himself ... The literature on the use of Memra in the Targums is massive, largely because, for many years, many interested parties have wished to assert (or deny) its relevance as background for the Logos concept found in Philo and in the Gospel of John ..."
Edward M. Cook, “The Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible in the Targums,” in A Companion to Biblical Interpretation in Early Judaism, ed. Matthias Henze (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2012), 92–117.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 21:22 and Onkelos Genesis 21:22

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