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Genesis

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The Birth of Isaac

Chapter 21

1 The Lord visited Sarah just as he had said he would and did for Sarah what he had promised. 2 So Sarah became pregnant and bore Abraham a son in his old age at the appointed time that God had told him.⁠ 3 Abraham named his son—whom Sarah bore to him—Isaac. 4 When his son Isaac was eight days old, Abraham circumcised him just as God had commanded him to do. 5 (Now Abraham was one hundred years old when his son Isaac was born to him.) 6 Sarah said, “God has made me laugh. Everyone who hears about this will laugh with me.”⁠ 7 She went on to say, “Who would have said to Abraham that Sarah would nurse children? Yet I have given birth to a son for him in his old age!”

Hagar and Ishmael Sent Away

8 The child grew and was weaned. Abraham prepared a great feast on the day that Isaac was weaned. 9 But Sarah noticed the son of Hagar the Egyptian—the son whom Hagar had borne to Abraham—mocking.⁠ 10 So she said to Abraham, “Banish that slave woman and her son, for the son of that slave woman will not be an heir along with my son Isaac!” 11 Sarah’s demand displeased Abraham greatly because Ishmael was his son. 12 But God said to Abraham, “Do not let it be evil in your eyes20⁠ about the boy or your slave wife. Do all that Sarah is telling you because through Isaac your descendants will be counted. 13 But I will also make the son of the slave wife into a great nation, for he is your descendant too.” 14 Early in the morning Abraham took some food and a skin of water and gave them to Hagar. He put them on her shoulders, gave her the child, and sent her away. So she went wandering aimlessly through the wilderness of Beer Sheba. 15 When the water in the skin was gone, she shoved the child under one of the shrubs. 16 Then she went and sat down by herself across from him at quite a distance, about a bowshot, away; for she thought, “I refuse to watch the child die.” So she sat across from him and wept uncontrollably.⁠ 17 But God heard the boy’s voice. The angel of God called to Hagar from heaven and asked her, “What is the matter, Hagar? Don’t be afraid, for God has heard the boy’s voice right where he is crying. 18 Get up! Help the boy up and hold him by the hand, for I will make him into a great nation.” 19 Then God enabled Hagar to see a well of water. She went over and filled the skin with water, and then gave the boy a drink. 20 God was with the boy as he grew. He lived in the wilderness and became an archer. 21 He lived in the wilderness of Paran. His mother found a wife for him from the land of Egypt.⁠

Abraham's Agreement with Abimelech

22 At that time Abimelech and Phicol, the commander of his army, said to Abraham, “God is with you in all that you do.⁠ 23 Now swear to me right here in God’s name that you will not deceive me, my children, or my descendants. Show me, and the land where you are staying, the same loyalty that I have shown you.” 24 Abraham said, “I swear to do this.” 25 But Abraham lodged a complaint against Abimelech concerning a well that Abimelech’s servants had seized. 26 “I do not know who has done this thing,” Abimelech replied. “Moreover, you did not tell me. I did not hear about it until today.” 27 Abraham took some sheep and cattle and gave them to Abimelech. The two of them made a treaty. 28 Then Abraham set seven ewe lambs apart from the flock by themselves. 29 Abimelech asked Abraham, “What is the meaning of these seven ewe lambs that you have set apart?” 30 He replied, “You must take these seven ewe lambs from my hand as legal proof that I dug this well.” 31 That is why he named that place Beer Sheba, because the two of them swore an oath there. 32 So they made a treaty at Beer Sheba; then Abimelech and Phicol, the commander of his army, returned to the land of the Philistines. 33 Abraham planted a tamarisk tree in Beer Sheba. There he worshiped the Lord, the eternal God.⁠ 34 So Abraham stayed in the land of the Philistines for quite some time.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 21:22 and Onkelos Genesis 21:22

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Genesis 21 says that God is with Abraham, but the Aramaic translation in Targum Onkelos says that the “Memra” is with him, following a pattern in the Targums of using it as an intermediary for God to remove physical depictions.

Passages

Genesis 21:22

Hebrew Bible
21 He lived in the wilderness of Paran. His mother found a wife for him from the land of Egypt. 22 At that time Abimelech and Phicol, the commander of his army, said to Abraham, “God is with you in all that you do. 23 Now swear to me right here in God’s name that you will not deceive me, my children, or my descendants. Show me, and the land where you are staying, the same loyalty that I have shown you.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Onkelos Genesis 21:22

Targum
21 And he lived in the wilderness of Paran, and his mother found him a wife from the land of Egypt. 22 And it was at that time that Abimelech and Phicol, commander of his army, spoke to Abraham, saying, The Memra of the Lord is your Helper in everything you do; 23 and now swear to me here, by the Memra of the Lord, that you will not deceive me, nor with my son, nor with my grandson; and that according to the good which I have done to you, you will do with me and with the land in which you are a foreigner.
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Genesis

References

"... Again, as with “glory,” the targumists use the “Presence” of God as a way of accounting for the wording of the Hebrew text, without the suggestion that God is visible or limited to one place; the Shekhinah both is and is not God. Besides “glory” and “presence,” the targumists use “word,” “command,” or “utterance” (Memra) to render speech by and about God. The use of Memra across the Targums is unsystematic, but the core of its meaning seems to be that God acts in and through his powerful commands, so that in any context of God’s speech or action the Memra, like “glory” and “presence,” can stand for God himself ... The literature on the use of Memra in the Targums is massive, largely because, for many years, many interested parties have wished to assert (or deny) its relevance as background for the Logos concept found in Philo and in the Gospel of John ..."
Edward M. Cook, “The Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible in the Targums,” in A Companion to Biblical Interpretation in Early Judaism, ed. Matthias Henze (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2012), 92–117.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 21:22 and Onkelos Genesis 21:22

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