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Onkelos Exodus

About this book

The Promise of Deliverance

Chapter 6

1 But the Lord said to Moses, Now you shall see what I will do to Pharaoh: for with a strong hand he will send them away, and with a strong hand drive them out of this land.⁠ 2 And the Lord spoke to Moses and said to him, I am the Lord; 3 and I revealed Myself to Abraham, to Isaac and to Jacob as El Shaddai, but by My name, the Lord, I was not made known to them. 4 And I also established My covenant with them to give them the land of Canaan, the land where they lived as foreigners. 5 And the cry of the sons of Israel, whom the Egyptians are making labor for them, has been heard before Me; and I have remembered My covenant. 6 So say to the sons of Israel, I am the Lord, and I will bring you out from under the hard labor of the Egyptians, and will deliver you from their servitude, and redeem you with a raised arm and with great judgments. 7 And I will bring you near before Me to be a people, and I will be your God; and you shall know that I am the Lord your God, who brings you out from the hard bondage of Egypt. 8 And I will bring you into the land which I swore by My Memra to give to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob; and I will give it to you as an inheritance; I am the Lord. 9 And Moses spoke this way to the sons of Israel: but they did not accept it from Moses, because of anguish of spirit and the labor that was hard on them. 10 And the Lord spoke to Moses, saying, 11 Go in and speak with Pharaoh king of Egypt, so that he sends the sons of Israel away from his land. 12 And Moses spoke before the Lord, saying, Look, the sons of Israel have not accepted it from me, so how will Pharaoh accept it, when I have such difficulty speaking? 13 And the Lord spoke to Moses and Aaron, and gave them a command for the sons of Israel and for Pharaoh king of Egypt, to bring the sons of Israel out of the land of Egypt.

The Families of Moses and Aaron

14 These are the heads of their fathers' houses. The sons of Reuben the firstborn of Israel: Hanoch and Pallu, Hezron and Carmi; these are the families of Reuben. 15 And the sons of Simeon: Jemuel and Jamin and Ohad and Jachin and Zohar, and Shaul the son of a Canaanite woman; these are the families of Simeon. 16 And these are the names of the sons of Levi, according to their generations: Gershon and Kohath and Merari. And the years of the life of Levi were a hundred and thirty-seven years. 17 The sons of Gershon: Libni and Shimei, by their families. 18 And the sons of Kohath: Amram and Izhar and Hebron and Uzziel. And the years of the life of Kohath were a hundred and thirty-three years. 19 And the sons of Merari: Mahli and Mushi. These are the families of Levi, according to their generations. 20 And Amram took Jochebed, his father's sister, as his wife, and she bore him Aaron and Moses. And the years of the life of Amram were a hundred and thirty-seven years. 21 And the sons of Izhar: Korah and Nepheg and Zichri. 22 And the sons of Uzziel: Mishael and Elzaphan and Zithri. 23 And Aaron took Elisheba, the daughter of Amminadab and the sister of Nahshon, as his wife; and she bore him Nadab and Abihu, Eleazar and Ithamar. 24 And the sons of Korah: Assir and Elkanah and Abiasaph: these are the families of Korah. 25 And Eleazar the son of Aaron took one of the daughters of Putiel as his wife, and she bore him Phinehas. These are the heads of the fathers of the Levites, according to their families. 26 It was Aaron and Moses to whom the Lord said, Bring the sons of Israel out of the land of Egypt by their armies. 27 They are the ones who spoke to Pharaoh king of Egypt about bringing the sons of Israel out of Egypt: it was Moses and Aaron. 28 And on the day when the Lord spoke with Moses in the land of Egypt, 29 the Lord spoke to Moses, saying, I am the Lord: Speak to Pharaoh king of Egypt all that I say to you. 30 But Moses said before the Lord, Look, I have difficulty speaking, so how will Pharaoh accept it from me?

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 6:1 and Onkelos Exodus 6:1

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Exodus 6 describes Pharaoh driving the Israelites out with a term that suggests forceful expulsion. The Aramaic translation in Targum Onkelos uses softer language to avoid saying the people were moved like cattle, motivated to protect their dignity.

Passages

Exodus 6:1

Hebrew Bible
1 Then the Lord said to Moses, “Now you will see what I will do to Pharaoh, for compelled by my strong hand he will release them, and by my strong hand he will drive them out of his land.” 2 God spoke to Moses and said to him, “I am the Lord. 3 I appeared to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob as God Almighty, but by my name ‘the Lord’ I was not known to them.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Onkelos Exodus 6:1

Targum
1 But the Lord said to Moses, Now you shall see what I will do to Pharaoh: for with a strong hand he will send them away, and with a strong hand drive them out of this land. 2 And the Lord spoke to Moses and said to him, I am the Lord; 3 and I revealed Myself to Abraham, to Isaac and to Jacob as El Shaddai, but by My name, the Lord, I was not made known to them.
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Exodus

References

"... Onkelos is rigorous in the defense of the honor of the Jewish people. The targumist's customary literal translation is sidestepped to avoid what might be regarded as disparaging comments about Israel's ancestors. There are eighteen such alterations in the Exodus translation. In verse 6:1, where God seems to imply that Pharaoh will be forced to 'chase out' the Israelites from Egypt, Onkelos avoids the implication that the Israelite people are like cattle, which will be 'herded' out of the land. Rather, the translation providing that Pharaoh will 'cause them to descend [from Egypt]' connotes a more respectful and humane treatment ..."
Israel Drazin and Stanley M. Wagner, Onkelos on the Torah, Exodus: Understanding the Bible Text (Jerusalem: Gefen, 2006), 34.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 6:1 and Onkelos Exodus 6:1

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