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Onkelos Exodus

About this book

The Covenant at Sinai

Chapter 24

1 And He said to Moses, Come up before the Lord, you and Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, and seventy of the elders of Israel; and you shall worship from a distance. 2 And Moses alone shall come near before the Lord, but they shall not come near, and the people shall not go up with them. 3 And Moses came and told the people all the words of the Lord and all the judgments; and all the people answered with one voice and said, All the words that the Lord has spoken we will do. 4 And Moses wrote all the words of the Lord. And he got up early in the morning, and built an altar at the foot of the mountain, and twelve pillars, for the twelve tribes of Israel. 5 And he sent the firstborn sons of Israel, and they offered burnt offerings, and sacrificed oxen as holy sacrifices before the Lord. 6 And Moses took half of the blood and put it in basins, and half of the blood he sprinkled on the altar. 7 And he took the Book of the Covenant and read it before the people; and they said, All that the Lord has spoken we will do and obey. 8 And Moses took the blood and sprinkled it on the altar to make atonement for the people,⁠ and said, This is the Blood of the Covenant which the Lord has made with you concerning all these words. 9 And Moses and Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, and seventy of the elders of Israel went up. 10 And they saw the Glory of the God of Israel, and under the throne of His glory something like the work of a precious stone, and like the face of heaven in its clearness.⁠ 11 Yet the nobles of the sons of Israel were not harmed; and they saw the Glory of the Lord, and rejoiced in their sacrifices, which were accepted with favor, as though they had eaten and drunk.⁠

Moses Ascends the Mountain

12 And the Lord said to Moses, Come up before Me on the mountain, and stay there, and I will give you the tablets of stone, and the law and the commandments, which I have written, so that you may teach them. 13 And Moses got up with Joshua his assistant, and Moses went up the mountain on which the Glory of the Lord was revealed. 14 But he said to the elders, Wait for us here until we come back to you: and look, Aaron and Hur are with you; whoever has a matter for judgment, let him bring it before them. 15 And Moses went up the mountain, and the cloud covered the mountain; 16 and the glory of the Lord rested on Mount Sinai, and the cloud covered it for six days. And on the seventh day He called to Moses from the middle of the cloud. 17 And the appearance of the Glory of the Lord was like a consuming fire on the top of the mountain before the eyes of the sons of Israel. 18 And Moses went into the middle of the cloud, and went up the mountain; and Moses was on the mountain forty days and forty nights.

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 24:10 and Onkelos Exodus 24:10

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Exodus 24 describes Israelite leaders seeing God and eating with him, language that suggests God has a physical body. The Aramaic translation in Targum Onkelos instead says they only saw the glory of God, and that what they did only seemed like eating.

Passages

Exodus 24:10

Hebrew Bible
8 So Moses took the blood and splashed it on the people and said, “This is the blood of the covenant that the Lord has made with you in accordance with all these words.” 9 Moses and Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, and the seventy elders of Israel went up, 10 and they saw the God of Israel. Under his feet there was something like a pavement made of blue sapphire, clear like the sky itself. 11 But he did not lay a hand on the leaders of the Israelites, so they saw God, and they ate and they drank. 12 The Lord said to Moses, “Come up to me on the mountain and remain there, and I will give you the stone tablets with the law and the commandments that I have written, so that you may teach them.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Onkelos Exodus 24:10

Targum
8 And Moses took the blood and sprinkled it on the altar to make atonement for the people, and said, This is the Blood of the Covenant which the Lord has made with you concerning all these words. 9 And Moses and Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, and seventy of the elders of Israel went up. 10 And they saw the Glory of the God of Israel, and under the throne of His glory something like the work of a precious stone, and like the face of heaven in its clearness. 11 Yet the nobles of the sons of Israel were not harmed; and they saw the Glory of the Lord, and rejoiced in their sacrifices, which were accepted with favor, as though they had eaten and drunk. 12 And the Lord said to Moses, Come up before Me on the mountain, and stay there, and I will give you the tablets of stone, and the law and the commandments, which I have written, so that you may teach them.
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Exodus

References

"... Verses 24:9-10 describe a scene that seems problematic. Did Moses, Aaron, Nadav, Avihu, and seventy elders actually gaze upon an anthropomorphic God while eating and drinking? Rashi, based on the Midrash Tanchuma, reads the verses literally and claims that all but Moses sinned by gazing upon God. He states that they were later punished for their irreverence. Onkelos understands the scene quite differently. The targumist has the group experiencing God's 'glory' thereby avoiding the anthropomorphism. He also describes the participants as not eating with God, but being so pleased that their sacrifices had been accepted by God, that it was 'as if' they themselves were eating and enjoying them ..."
Israel Drazin and Stanley M. Wagner, Onkelos on the Torah, Genesis: Understanding the Bible Text (Jerusalem: Gefen, 2006), 162.
"... The targumist and Saadiah insert "the glory of" into the biblical phrase 'they saw the God of Israel' to avoid the impossible notion that the people saw a physical God. He uses the Aramaic yekar, 'glory,' to describe the impact of God's presence; in this case, upon the assemblage of Israelites. Ibn Ezra and Nachmanides state that the Israelites actually "saw God," but through prophecy. Curiously, Rashi suggests that the Israelites saw God, and thereby committed a sin punishable by death. More rationally, his grandson Rashbam states that the people saw how God is manifested in this world ..."
Israel Drazin and Stanley M. Wagner, Onkelos on the Torah, Exodus: Understanding the Bible Text (Jerusalem: Gefen, 2006), 161.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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