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Onkelos Exodus

About this book

Justice and Care for Others

Chapter 23

1 You shall not accept a false report, nor join hands with the wicked to be a false witness for him. 2 You shall not follow the majority to do evil, nor shall you hold back from teaching what seems right to you in judgment; you shall carry out judgment according to the majority.⁠ 3 And you shall not show pity to the poor man in his judgment. 4 If you come upon your enemy's ox or his donkey going astray, you shall surely bring it back to him. 5 When you see the donkey of your enemy lying down under its load, you shall refrain from abandoning him; you shall surely let go of what is in your heart against him, and help him with it. 6 You shall not pervert the judgment of the poor man in his case. 7 Keep far away from a false matter; and you shall not kill one who has been declared innocent and has come out of judgment cleared; for I will not justify the guilty. 8 And you shall not take a bribe; for a bribe blinds the eyes of the wise, and perverts the words of the righteous. 9 And you shall not oppress a proselyte; for you know the heart of a proselyte, since you were residents in the land of Egypt.

Sabbaths and Festivals

10 For six years you shall sow your land and gather in its produce, 11 but in the seventh year you shall let it alone and let it rest, so that the poor of your people may eat, and what they leave the animals of the field may eat. You shall do the same with your vineyard and with your olive grove. 12 For six days you shall do your work, and on the seventh day you shall rest, so that your ox and your donkey may rest, and the son of your female servant and the proselyte may be refreshed. 13 And be careful about all that I have said to you, and do not remember the name of the idols of the Gentiles;⁠ do not let it be heard on your lips. 14 Three times a year you shall celebrate a festival before Me. 15 You shall keep the festival of Unleavened Bread. For seven days you shall eat unleavened bread, as I commanded you, at the appointed time in the month of Abib, for in it you came out of Egypt; and you shall not appear before Me empty-handed. 16 And you shall keep the festival of the harvest, the firstfruits of your labors which you have sown in your fields; and the festival of ingathering at the end of the year, when you gather in your labors from the field. 17 Three times a year all your males shall appear before the Lord, the Ruler of the world. 18 You shall not offer the blood of My Passover with leavened bread, nor shall the fat of the festival sacrifice remain outside the altar until morning. 19 The first of the firstfruits of your land you will bring into the sanctuary of the Lord your God. Do not eat meat with milk.⁠

The Journey into the Promised Land

20 Look, I am sending My Angel before you, to protect you on the way, and to bring you into the place which I have prepared.⁠ 21 Be careful before Him, and listen to His words; do not rebel against Him, for He will not forgive your sins; for His words are in My Name. 22 For if you truly listen to His words and do all that I say, I will be an enemy to your enemies, and will oppress those who oppress you. 23 For My Angel shall go before you and bring you in to the Amorites and the Hittites, and the Perizzites and the Canaanites, the Hivites and the Jebusites; and I will destroy them. 24 You shall not bow down to their idols, nor serve them, nor do as they do, but you shall utterly demolish them and break their pillars in pieces; 25 and you shall worship before the Lord your God, and He will bless your food and your drink, and will take away serious illnesses from among you. 26 No one shall miscarry or be barren in your land; I will fulfill the number of your days. 27 I will send My terror before you, and will throw into confusion all the people against whom you come to fight, and I will make all your enemies turn their backs before you. 28 I will send the hornet before you, and it shall drive out the Hivites and the Canaanites and the Hittites ahead of you. 29 I will not drive them out ahead of you in one year, or the land would become desolate, and the wild animals would multiply against you. 30 Little by little I will drive them out ahead of you, until you have increased and possess the land. 31 And I will set your boundary from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, and from the desert to the river; for I will deliver the inhabitants of the land into your hands, and you shall drive them out before you. 32 You shall make no covenant with them or with their idols. 33 They shall not live in your land, or they will make you sin before Me; for if you serve their idols, it will be a stumbling block to you.

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 23:2 and Onkelos Exodus 23:2

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Exodus 23 forbids siding with a crowd and giving testimony that unjustly favors that crowd. The Aramaic translation in Targum Onkelos turns the second half around into an instruction, telling judges to decide the case by majority.

Passages

Exodus 23:2

Hebrew Bible
1 “You must not give a false report. Do not make common cause with the wicked to be a violent6 witness. 2 “You must not follow a crowd in doing evil things; in a lawsuit you must not offer testimony that agrees with a crowd so as to pervert justice, 3 and you must not show partiality to a poor man in his lawsuit.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Onkelos Exodus 23:2

Targum
1 You shall not accept a false report, nor join hands with the wicked to be a false witness for him. 2 You shall not follow the majority to do evil, nor shall you hold back from teaching what seems right to you in judgment; you shall carry out judgment according to the majority. 3 And you shall not show pity to the poor man in his judgment.
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Exodus

References

“... 2. TO DO EVIL. The Aramaic converts the biblical noun leraot, ‘for evil,’ into a verb. [...] DO NOT RESTRAIN YOURSELF FROM TEACHING WHAT IS [CORRECT] IN YOUR EYES. Our targumist elucidates the biblical verse, which has a difficult, even cryptic, construct, ‘you shall not answer [testify in] a dispute to turn aside [the judgment].’ [...] CONCLUDE THE LAWSUIT LIKE THE MAJORITY. Bible: ‘after the multitude to pervert.’ The latter word also means ‘incline,’ ‘turn aside,’ and ‘decide.’ Onkelos inverts the verse into a positive statement. Ibn Ezra writes that the Babylonian Talmud (Bava Metzia 59b) deduces from this verse that the majority rules when deciding upon Jewish laws (p. 362). ...”
Israel Drazin and Stanley M. Wagner, Onkelos on the Torah, Exodus: Understanding the Bible Text (Jerusalem: Gefen, 2006), 151–152.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 23:2 and Onkelos Exodus 23:2

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