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Onkelos Exodus

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Water from the Rock

Chapter 17

1 And all the congregation of the children of Israel traveled from the desert of Sin, stage by stage, at the Memra of the Lord; and they camped at Rephidim, but there was no water for the people to drink. 2 And the people quarreled with Moses, and said, Give us water to drink. And Moses said, Why do you quarrel with me? Why do you put Him to the test before the Lord? 3 But the people were thirsty there for water, and the people complained against Moses, and said, Why did you bring us up from Egypt, to kill me and my children and my cattle with thirst? 4 And Moses prayed before the Lord, saying, What shall I do with this people? A little more, and they will stone me! 5 And the Lord said to Moses, Go on ahead of the people, and take some of the elders of Israel with you, and take in your hand your staff with which you struck the river, and go. 6 I will stand before you there on the rock at Horeb.⁠ Strike the rock, and water will come out of it, so that the people may drink. And Moses did so before the eyes of the elders of Israel. 7 And he named the place Massah and Meribah, because the sons of Israel quarreled, and because they put Him to the test before the Lord, saying, Is the Shekinah of the Lord among us or not?

The Battle with Amalek

8 And Amalek came and fought a battle with Israel at Rephidim. 9 And Moses said to Joshua, Choose men for us, and go out and fight against Amalek. Tomorrow I will stand on the top of the hill, with the staff through which the miracles are performed from the Lord's presence in my hand. 10 And Joshua did as Moses had told him, and fought against Amalek. And Moses, Aaron, and Hur went up to the top of the hill. 11 And whenever Moses raised his hand, the house of Israel prevailed; and whenever he lowered his hand, the house of Amalek prevailed. 12 But Moses' hands grew heavy, and they took a stone and put it under him, and he sat on it, and Aaron and Hur held up his hands, one on one side and one on the other; and so his hands stayed stretched out in prayer until the sun went down. 13 And Joshua shattered Amalek and his people with the edge of the sword. 14 And the Lord said to Moses, Write this as a memorial in the Book, and put it before Joshua: that I will utterly blot out the memory of Amalek from under the heavens. 15 And Moses built an altar, and worshiped on it before the Lord, who had performed such miracles for him. 16 And he said, This has been declared with an oath from the presence of the Awesome One, whose Shekinah is on His glorious throne: that war shall be waged against the house of Amalek, to destroy it from the generations of the world.

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 17:6 and Onkelos Exodus 17:6

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Exodus 17 describes God standing near the rock at Horeb when Moses strikes it, which could be interpreted as God having a body. The Aramaic translation in Targum Onkelos unusually preserves this image, as it usually changes physical descriptions of God.

Passages

Exodus 17:6

Hebrew Bible
5 The Lord said to Moses, “Go over before the people; take with you some of the elders of Israel and take in your hand your staff with which you struck the Nile and go. 6 I will be standing before you there on the rock in Horeb, and you will strike the rock, and water will come out of it so that the people may drink.” And Moses did so in plain view of the elders of Israel. 7 He called the name of the place Massah and Meribah, because of the contending of the Israelites and because of their testing the Lord, saying, “Is the Lord among us or not?”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Onkelos Exodus 17:6

Targum
5 And the Lord said to Moses, Go on ahead of the people, and take some of the elders of Israel with you, and take in your hand your staff with which you struck the river, and go. 6 I will stand before you there on the rock at Horeb. Strike the rock, and water will come out of it, so that the people may drink. And Moses did so before the eyes of the elders of Israel. 7 And he named the place Massah and Meribah, because the sons of Israel quarreled, and because they put Him to the test before the Lord, saying, Is the Shekinah of the Lord among us or not?
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Exodus

References

"... Onkelos retains this glaring anthropomorphism. As we have pointed out, the targumist is not always consistent in this regard. However, Saadiah renders it as 'I shall place a sign before you there' ..."
Israel Drazin and Stanley M. Wagner, Onkelos on the Torah, Exodus: Understanding the Bible Text (Jerusalem: Gefen, 2006), 104.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 17:6 and Onkelos Exodus 17:6

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